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n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp BMAP>VuY0$@ `@ w Buttonon mouseUp visual @CARDn\! pl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies2. Solar Power - NO NUKES! % Electricity can be cleanly generated from sunlight using either solar-thermal technology or photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV technology is used today by many rural Americans who generate electricity for their homes, without relying on any utility company. With solar technology, electricity is generated directly from the sun, with no CO2 pollution, no SO2 pollution, and no noise. In contrast, nuclear power reduces CO2 pollution, but the nuclear waste product, plutonium, is probably the most toxic substance used by mankind! No safe permanent disposal facilities exist in the US, and transportation of large quantities of plutonium represent a potential terrorist threat, since only 20 pounds of plutonium are needed to make a homemade atomic bomb! Solar power promises to greatly reduce greenhouse warming. The challenge in applying PV technology on a large scale is to get the price of the solar cells down to $1 or $2 per peak watt. Fortunately, reducing the cost is as much a manufacturing problem as anything else. This represents a big opportunity for electronic manufacturing firms, but American companies, partly discouraged by competition from cheap fossil fuels, have reduced their R&D efforts. Japanese firms, however, continue to pursue solar research, and develop manufacturing improvements as they build solar-powered calculators that we buy for $4.88 at Kmart. The Japanese, who depend heavily on imported oil, see the terrific potential in PV power, both for themselves, and for export to developing countries. By contrast, solar-thermal technology is today in use on a large scale in southern California's Mohave desert. The solar- thermal technique focuses sunlight on oil-filled pipes with parabolic mirrors, the 735 degree F oil (circulating in a closed system) then heats steam to drive turbine-generators. While the nuclear power industry tells us that large-scale electricity from the sun is years away, LUZ International Limited now has more than 270 MEGAWATTS of peak power online, on the electric grid! (Enough electric power for a city of over 350,000.) The most recent portion of the LUZ system of powerplants, SEGES VIII, became operational in early 1990[The LUZ Technologies Revisited,IEEE Power Engineering Review, June 1990]. The new plant has improved technology, delivering electricity for 8 cents per kilowatt hour, less than the cost of nuclear power. While nuclear plants take years to build, LUZ claims it can build a complete plant in less than one year, and has a record to prove it! LUZ has contracts to produce more solar electricity for Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric. Additional contracts are sure to follow - in October 1990, the Calif. Energy Commission released a plan calling for 50% of the state's new electricity needs to be supplied by renewables! *** CARDo\!,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies#3. Gov't Should Buy Recycled PaperW The U.S. Government uses a huge amount of paper for its daily operations. If we are really serious about reducing forest destruction and global warming, it only makes sense to have our government lead the way by purchasing only recycled paper for IRS tax forms, GPO documents, and Postal Service stamps, postcards, envelopes and forms. ***CARDpj\!,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies 4. Stop Subsidized Timber Sales It is most ironic that on one hand our government wants to start planting trees to fight global warming, and at the same time the US Forest Service, division of the Dept. of Agriculture, continues to permit below-cost, subsidized timber sales in Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Montana, and other states. Below-cost means it costs the government more to build the roads, and supervise the timber sales than the small amount of money received from logging companies for cutting the trees on public land. These sales have to stop. When the Forest Service does sell timber, the price should be high enough to more than cover all costs, not set at giveaway prices that only make our Federal budget deficit worse. Write to: Mr. Clayton Yeutter Secretary of Agriculture 14th & Independence Ave, SW Washington, DC 20250 Ask Mr. Yeutter to stop the Forest Service practice of below-cost timber sales. If the government price for logs is too high, the timber industry should cut on private land instead. For information as to how to stop below-cost timber sales, contact: The Wilderness Society 1400 Eye Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 (202) 842-3400 ***`CARDqc\!,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies%5. Overhauling the US Forest Service Why does the US Forest Service talk about 'sustainable timber harvesting' and then do everything in their power to 'get out the cut' for large timber corporations? The USFS has become a bureaucracy that has a very cozy relationship with the big lumber giants. Originally, USFS was created by congress to promote conservation and sustainable forestry practices on public lands, at a time when private lands were being stripped of trees. Today the Forest Service is no longer acting in the best interest of the American public, or the environment. Now environmentally sensible Forest Service employees are speaking out. Founded by Jeff DeBonis, a former USFS timber sale planner on the Willamette National Forest, AFSEEE is a new organization dedicated to a complete overhaul of the Forest Service. (AFSEEE stands for the Association of Forest Service Employees For Environmental Ethics) If you are a USFS employee, or former employee, your support is especially needed, as this group attempts to make meaningful changes from within the USFS. Support from all environmentalists is welcome too: AFSEEE Box 11615 Eugene, OR 97440 (503) 484-2692 ***CARD-Mhn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp BMAP-VnW+$"`t`2Ptp2pD CARDr\!, l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies&6. Stop Alaska Arctic Refuge Drilling ; Perhaps no environmental battle in the 1990s demonstrates the need for a long range US energy strategy better than the fight over Alaska's National Arctic Wildlife Refuge. This beautiful area, on Alaska's north slope (near the present Prudoe Bay oil fields) is located in northeastern Alaska, north of the arctic circle. Oil companies want to drill for oil on the northern coastal plain of the Refuge. The area is presently a wonderful Arctic ecosystem supporting caribou, wolves, muskoxen, grizzlies, and migratory birds. Instead of conserving energy, the oil companies say, "let's develop the coastal plain of the Refuge." Besides the disruption of both caribou and grizzly habitat, more drilling and oil production will inevitably lead to more oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez disaster of 1989. Sen. Johnston, LA, introduced a bill to let the oil companies drill on the coastal plain, just before the Valdez oil spill. During the public outcry over the destruction in Prince William Sound, the oil-development bill was quietly withdrawn, but oil companies and their anti-environmental politicians keep trying. In the fall of 1990, Sen. Murkowski, Alaska, attached a refuge drilling amendment to the Defense authorization bill, hoping it would slip past during the excitement and confusion of the Iraq- Kuwait crisis. Fortunately, environmentalists put pressure on the Senate to drop this amendment, so the Arctic Refuge is safe for the moment. You can be sure the oil companies will try again to exploit this beautiful area. Some reports show the present Prudoe Bay oil fields feeding the Alaskan pipeline could run out after another 5-10 years. The oil companies will surely be looking for other areas to exploit, allowing them continued use of their pipeline. During the many years of pipeline operation, the oil companies have long since recovered their construction costs. To protect the remaining areas on the North Slope, the pipeline should be shut down and removed, once the Prudoe Bay fields run dry. Unless this nation develops an energy conservation ethic and the political will to control the oil companies, this beautiful arctic wilderness will be sacrificed to short-term energy interests. Once America adopts the energy efficiency measures needed to prevent global warming, there will be no need to drill in this fragile coastal plain area! Write your senators and representative today. Tell them you want the Arctic National Refuge protected forever from drilling, and you want a comprehensive energy policy that promotes conservation, not waste and destruction. *** CARDs\!,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies 7. Make Antarctica a World Park\ Antarctica - The South Pole Wilderness Continent. For years, Antarctica has been the only continent free of human habitation, with the exception of some scientific research bases. While some countries have made territorial claims for this land, in the past the nations of the world have kept this frozen land free of development. All countries have cooperated peacefully in a spirit of joint scientific pursuit. This peaceful management of the planet's last undeveloped continent may not continue without vocal citizen action from environmentalists of all nations. In June 1988, the 20 countries doing research proposed that a new document, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA), be allowed to replace the old 1959 Antarctic Treaty that prohibited mining and oil drilling. The new CRAMRA plan horrified many environmentalists, who had hoped the idea of peaceful scientific cooperation could be extended, with the creation of a permanent "WORLD WILDERNESS PARK" status for the south pole continent - open and protected for all citizens of the planet. Greenpeace, with its own research base established on Antarctica, has set an important precedent for international environmental cooperation. Conservationists are now asking individual countries to withdraw their support for CRAMRA, and back the world peace park idea instead. In May 1989, both Australia and France announced they no longer supported CRAMRA and would push for the world park protection plan. With strong international pressure, led at times by personal visits by Jacques-Yves Cousteau to world heads of state, a total of 12 countries have announced their opposition to mining/oil drilling in Antarctica, as of October 1990. US environmentalists also pressured our politicians to support a world wilderness park for Antarctica. In November Congress passed HR 3977, the Antarctic Protection and Conservation Act. This law prohibits all Antarctic mineral resource activities by US citizens, and urges negotiation of new international agreements to indefinitely ban all Antarctic mining and provide other long term protection of Antarctica's complete environment. The final HR 3977 wording was not as strong as originally hoped for, because it only encourages (does not require) negotiations to ban mining and drilling. The bill was signed into law by President Bush, reflecting a partial change in his Administration's pro-development stance, perhaps reacting to the Antarctic protection groundswell. In December 1990, Antarctic Treaty nations met in Santiago, Chile. While CRAMRA was not defeated decisively, important steps were taken to clean up some of the pollution generated at Antarctic research stations. As for the mining versus world peace park debate, a compromise was suggested for a 30 year moratorium on any proposed drilling. So the tide of opinion seems to be turning toward protection, but permanent protection is still not in place. Please write President Bush, asking him to press for a complete, permanent ban on Antarctic mining and drilling in his international negotiations. This frozen, wild continent must be protected to allow for scientific research so vital to the ecological balance of our planet. The ozone depletion problem was first verified here, with the discovery of the annual ozone hole. The layers of ice help scientists study our atmospheric pollution. Global warming research continues in Antarctica as well. (Special thanks to Beth Marks, Sierra Club Antarctica Task Force, and to Neal Shapiro, Cousteau Society for contributing timely information to STP's Antarctica sections!) *** CARD\!,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies%8. A Presidential Greenhouse Policy?a As you watch the Bush Administration's handling of global warming issues, you have probably realized President Bush seems to vacillate back and forth between environmental commitment and a pro-industry "wait and see" stance. In his campaign promises, Mr. Bush said he wanted to be known as the environmental president, yet in a February 1990 speech made to world officials at the UN, studying global warming, the President did not once even use the phrases 'global warming' or 'greenhouse effect', but instead spoke vaguely of "changes to the atmosphere in unexpected and unprecedented ways." The reason for the weak UN speech - John Sununu, the President's Chief of Staff - rewrote the President's speech just before the meeting. Sununu also had a role in last spring's attempt by the Office of Management and Budget to squelch NASA scientist James Hansen's testimony before a Senate committee on global warming. On the environmental side, the President's recent announcement to give the EPA Cabinet level status is good news. EPA Administrator William Reilly is a good man, concerned about the Earth and global warming. Reilly has twice recommended that the US immediately propose international cuts in CO2 and other greenhouse gases, but both times Sununu blocked these proposals. What can be done? Clearly John Sununu is hindering global environmental progress, and must be removed from his White House position, just as anti-environmental Interior Secretary James Watt was kicked out of the Reagan administration. Intense public pressure forced the removal of Watt and we can do the same to get rid of John Sununu. Write our President today: President George Bush The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20500 Ask President Bush to remove John Sununu from his staff and let William K. Reilly, EPA Head, do the job right. ***CARD)\!,"l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies&9. The Future Switch to Hydrogen Fuel As we look to future technologies to provide energy without generating greenhouse gases, it is clear we must stop using fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon based, that is, they consist of both hydrogen and carbon. It's the carbon atoms in these fuels that create CO2 when burned. Getting rid of fossil fuels may not be that difficult. Hydrogen fuel could replace gas and oil in many applications. Car engines can run on hydrogen, just as some cars run on propane gas today. Hydrogen gas could replace natural (methane) gas in most industrial and residential applications. When hydrogen is burned, the gas waste product is simply water, H20! Once cheap solar power is available, it can be used to make hydrogen from water through a process called electrolysis, where water molecules are converted to O2 and H2 (hydrogen) gas. Storing solar energy in the form of hydrogen gas should be more cost-effective than using batteries or other technologies. ***CARD\!,0l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies$10. Toxics: Use Your RIGHT TO KNOW! 'Right To Know' (RTK) legislation was created in 1986 by Congress, as Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). Enacted in the wake of the Bhopal, India toxic gas disaster at Union Carbide's chemical plant, (almost 3000 people killed), the RTK legislation guarantees the U.S. public's right-to-know about hazardous chemicals in the community and increases every citizen's opportunities to participate in the emergency planning process - especially computer-literate citizens like STP users! RTK Title III has three sections: 1. TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE REPORTING (section 313) - You can learn about toxic releases from large facilities. All industries must report major releases to the air, water, and ground. The EPA collects the data on several hundred chemicals and makes this information available to the public via on-line TRI data bases and on CD-ROMs at many libraries that are Federal Depositories. (You can buy the CD ROM from EPA for $23: US Gov't Printing Office, 710 N. Capitol St. NW, Washington, DC 20401, stk#055-000- 00356-4) TRI stands for Toxic Release Inventory, and it is updated annually by the EPA. 2. COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW (sections 311-312) - You can find out what chemicals a business is using. 3. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND NOTIFICATION (sections 301-304) - You can participate in local chemical safety planning. We thank Paul Orum, editor of 'Working Notes on Community Right- to-Know', an excellent publication, for providing the above information. If you are interested in RTK or toxics, write and ask to get on Paul's mailing list: 'Working Notes' US PIRG Education Fund 215 Pennsylvania Ave. SE Washington, DC 20003 (202) 546-9707 Other computerized RTK resources include the new RTKnet - see Green BBS section, and two low-cost programs written by environmentalists: RITE2NO is a $25 shareware database that lets you maintain and compare multiple years TRI data on a PC. Contact Glenn Gilchrist, Environmental Information Systems, (516) 422-7011. Glenn also sells a commercial fund-raising package to environmental groups. For Mac users, James Hadden, of Intelligent Advisors, has written a LEPC Citizen's Helper Hypercard stack to manage the CAMEO database for SARA sect. 312 data. Contact James at (512)474-4719. A list of hundreds of companies pumping ozone destroying chemicals into the air is available for use by local citizens to put pressure on polluters. The list, complied from the latest available EPA TRI data, is available from: Natural Resources Defense Council 40 West 20th Street New York, NY 10011 The price is $20 for NRDC members, $35 for everyone else. Orders must be prepaid. The list, "Who's Who of American Ozone Depleters", contains the names and addresses of all companies whose ozone-destroying chemical emissions exceeded 2000 pounds for the 1988 year. (Newer data is not yet available.) Why not order a copy of this important list, and find out who is dumping CFCs, methyl chloroform, and CCl4 in your city and state. If you own stock in any of these companies, write to the company presidents, and demand that they stop using these dangerous chemicals. If your use of RTK information spurs you to action, contact the National Toxics Campaign for help. They can help you organize at the local level to stop the pollution! NTC also offers lab services to analyze toxics in air, water, or earth samples you may collect: National Toxics Campaign, (617)232-4014 ***CARDu\!n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "strat" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Help Set Environmental Strategies$11. Reforming the Electoral Process What happened in the 1990 election? What about all the pre- election "throw the bums (incumbents) out" sentiment? The fact of the matter is that few incumbents were unseated, because they typically spend 5 to 10 times the money on slick TV advertising, than do their challengers. Where do they get all that money? From PACs - Political Action Committees, funded heavily by corporations and other special interest groups. The PAC campaign system must be abolished, and spending limits put on political campaigns. In addition, terms of office need to be limited - some states have passed laws requiring this. ***stratlCARDZG@Y*Zl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "legl" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation1. State and Local Legislation In recent years, state environmental legislation has been stronger and more progressive than the equivalent federal laws. For this reason, it's important to keep abreast of new state environmental protection bills in your own state and give them your support: - Currently, 9 states have a mandatory beverage bottle deposit recycling law - California, Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Vermont - yet we have no nation-wide bottle bill. - Irvine, California has passed the first total CFC ban, while Berkeley has a ban on certain plastic and CFC related products. NRDC recently announced its 'Statehouse Effect Report' recommending policies to be implemented on the state level. Here is a quick overview of NRDC's recommendations to slow global warming: - Establish a moratorium on investment in new coal-fired power plants. - Invest in energy efficiency. - Promote least-cost energy planning and investment by electric and gas utilities. - Promote industrial energy efficiency - Use renewable energy sources - Improve agricultural energy efficiency - Reform forest management practices To obtain a copy of the full report, send $18.40 to: NRDC Publications Dept. 40 W. 20th St. NY, NY 10011 ***legCARDkaYl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation2. 1990 Clean Air Bill: Passedw Thanks to bi-partisan support, this nation finally has a new clean air law! While it is not everything environmentalists wanted, it is a big step forward, and those sections that are too weak, or were omitted can be addressed in future legislation. Here are some highlights of the new law: Ozone Protection - Halts CFC production by 2000, methylchloroform by 2002, HCFCs by 2030, requires recycling of refrigerators and air conditioners by 1992. Requires EPA to develop list of safe alternatives to CFCs. Acid Rain - Cuts in half SO2 and NOx emission levels from smokestacks, sets a cap on SO2 emissions. Air Toxics - Reduces emissions from industrial plants of cancer and birth defect causing chemicals by 70% to 90% by the year 2003. Allows citizens to more easily sue industries for civil penalties or to sue EPA for delaying cleanup actions. Motor Vehicles & Fuels - Requires new car tailpipe emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides by 35% and 60% respectively by 1994 or 1996. Oil companies must sell cleaner gasoline formulas by 1995 in the 9 most polluted cities. Longer warranties on catalytic converters. ***`CARDYl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation$3. 1990 Legislative Action ReviewedB The 1990 legislative session did bring some good news: A law was passed banning the export of raw logs from state and national forests in Oregon & Washington. A one-year (not permanent!) moratorium on off-shore oil drilling in large areas of the continental shelf. Use of pesticides will be more closely regulated on US farms. (But yet no controls on imported foods containing chemicals declared unsafe here!) At least 1 million acres of the Tongass will be withdrawn from commercial logging, and no logging permitted within 100 feet of streams to protect salmon habitat. The Arizona Desert Wilderness Act was passed. Just as important as the 2.4 million acres protected (1.1 on BLM land & 1.3 as national wildlife refuge land) is the strong Federal Reserved Water Right! The law insures strong federal water rights for 'downstream wilderness areas', and this establishes an important precedent for the proper protection of wilderness in other western states. Legislation in other states has been stalled for years over state versus federal water rights issues. ***`CARDlY,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation"4. Ancient Forest Protection Bill Given the importance of large forests that are so necessary for removing CO2 from the air, why does the US Forest Service continue to sell below-cost, subsidized timber from the large, old-growth timber stands in the Pacific Northwest? Why does the USFS continue its expensive, destructive road-building projects into these ecologically sensitive areas? In 1990 an Ancient Forest Protection Act was introduced, by Rep. Jim Jontz, Indiana. As of late summer 1990, the bill had 130 sponsors, but not enough to insure passage during the legislative session. The bill would create an extensive ancient-forest reserve and link fragmented tracts of forest to create wildlife corridors. It would go a long way to preserving some of this nation's most precious old-growth forests. (Since our country's founding in 1776, 96 percent of old-growth lands have been cut, only 4% remains and less than 2% is currently protected!) Write to your US representative and ask him to co-sponsor the reintroduction of the Ancient Forest Protection Act, during 1991! Write your senators and ask them to support legislation similar to the Jontz bill, for the Senate. Please write! ***CARDt7Y,fl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation!5. Western U.S. Wilderness Bills Just as it seems it will take a law introduced by a conservation-minded US representative from Indiana (Jim Jontz) to save the old-growth forests in Oregon and Washington state, it will probably take legislation introduced by easterners to save the last of the West's wilderness lands. Why is this? The politicians from the states where the lands and timber reside seem to be just 'too close' to the pressure of timber companies, mining corporations, water developers, and off-road vehicle promoters to listen to the environmentalists in their own states! Remember that the management and protection of federal lands is the business of every American, no matter where he or she lives! Currently, some good wilderness protection bills are stalled in Congress. No matter what state you live in, write your senators and representative and ask for strong wilderness bills for the following western states, with federal reserved water rights, similar to the new Arizona Wilderness law: California Colorado Idaho Montana Utah *** CARDJY,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation6. Auto Fuel Efficiency Billf One big setback in 1990 for environmentalists was the defeat of the Auto Fuel Efficiency Act of 1990, introduced by Richard Bryan (Nevada). Bryan's bill called for a mandated 40% increase in mileage standards for new (both domestic & imports) cars by the year 2000, but was derailed by filibuster in October. With heavy lobbying by the Administration and industry lobbyists, the Senate voted to end debate (cloture) on the bill, and the cloture failed by only 3 votes. Undaunted, Sen. Bryan said he will introduce the bill in the new 1991 Congress. This piece of legislation would reduce global warming, cut our trade deficit, and reduce the US dependence of imported oil. Your support is needed now! Write your Senator, ask him or her to support the Bryan Fuel Economy bill. If your Senator voted last year for the Bryan bill, offer your thanks! For your information, the FOLLOWING Senators VOTED AGAINST the fuel efficiency bill in 1990, and are still in office in 1991. Be sure to write them and let them know you are not happy with their anti-environmental stance: Bond, Boren, Breaux, Byrd, Coats, Cochran, Dixon, Dole, Domenici, Ford, Garn, Glenn, Gramm, Grassley, Hatch, Heflin, Helms, Johnston, Kassebaum, Kasten, Levin, Lott, Lugar, Mack, McConnell, Murkowski, Nickles, Nunn, Riegle, Sasser, Shelby, Simpson, Specter, Stevens, Symms, Wallop, Warner. ***CARDY,6l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation"7. Needed: A National Bottle Bill It's time for a National Bottle Bill - one that would put a minimum refundable 5 cent deposit on all soft drink and beer cans and bottles. Your support is needed. Write both your senators and ask them to co-sponsor a strong bottle bill. Write to your representative and ask for support of a House version. Write today! With more public support we can cut litter, reduce landfill waste, and save energy. Don't let the beverage industry lobbyists stop passage of this sensible law. *** @CARDmY,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "leg" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Learn About New Legislation 8. Keep Up with New Legislationz Every two years when a new Congress begins, all the old bills (and their previous numbers) die, if they do not pass. Because of this, the 1991 STP version does not mention bills by number, as new bills will have to be introduced again in the 102nd Congress. Sometimes proposed bills will languish for years, while other times bills move rapidly. To write effective letters you need to be informed of the current status of bills. Follow the issues in the media, and in newsletters and magazines from environmental groups. Some groups issue special "alert" bulletins advising their members as to the best time to write their legislators. If you are not receiving good current information on the national legislative scene, you may want to subscribe to the 'Audubon Activist', an excellent newsletter published 9 times a year by The Audubon Society. The cost is reasonable - only $9 a year. To subscribe, send your check to: Audubon Activist 950 Third Ave New York, NY 10022 Another excellent source of up-to-date Washington political information is the Sierra Club National News Report, published 24 times a year, for $18 a year. Send your check to: Sierra Club National News Report 730 Polk St. San Francisco, CA 94109 HOTLINES!!! Even if you are getting one or the other of the above newsletters, sometimes the mail just isn't fast enough. Both the above newsletters have 24 hour numbers you can call to get the latest legislative updates. You can also call the US Capitol (202)225-1772 to obtain the current status of legislation, bill numbers, bill names and sponsors. Once you've found out what is happening to the legislation, you may want to lobby your Congressperson directly by phone, if time is too short for a letter. The US Capitol switchboard's number is (202)224-3121, they can ring your senator or representative's office. ***leglCARDW@Vv.Hp9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "investl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Invest in a Better Environment 1. Valdez Principles: Overviewinvest`BMAPV-/ dCARDv\B ,Nl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Invest in a Better Environment!2. Earth Day's Valdez Principles EARTH DAY 1990: VALDEZ PRINCIPLES - STATEMENT OF INTENT With these Principles, The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies, (CERES project of the Social Investment Forum), sets forth broad standards for evaluating activities by corporations that directly or indirectly impact the Earth's biosphere. The CERES Project has created the Valdez Principles to help investors make informed decisions around environmental issues. As representatives of the investment and environmental communities we are asking corporations to join with us by subscribing to these Principles. Recognizing the complexity of the issues contained in these broad Principles, CERES has attempted to define the Principles as a long-term process rather than a static statement. CERES members hope that signatory companies will work with us on the elaboration of the specific requirements of the Principles. Our intent is to create a voluntary mechanism of corporate self- governance that will maintain business practices consistent with the goals of sustaining our fragile environment for future generations, within a culture that respects all life and honors its interdependence. We ask for a long term commitment to the process of compliance with these Principles, and an additional commitment of assistance and cooperation in the further development of specific standards derived of these general principles. VALDEZ PRINCIPLES - INTRODUCTION By adopting these principles, we publicly affirm our belief that corporations and their shareholders have a direct responsibility for the environment. We believe that corporations must conduct their business as responsible stewards of the environment and seek profits only in a manner that leaves the Earth healthy and safe. We believe that corporations must not compromise the ability of future generations to sustain their needs. We recognize this to be a long term commitment to update our practices continually in light of advances in technology and new understandings in health and environmental science. We intend to make consistent, measurable progress in implementing these principles and to apply them wherever we operate throughout the world. 1. PROTECTION OF THE BIOSPHERE We will minimize and strive to eliminate the release of any pollutant that may cause environmental damage to the air, water, or earth or its inhabitants. We will safeguard habitats in rivers, lakes, wetlands, coastal zones and oceans and will minimize contributing to global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, acid rain or smog. 2. SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES We will make sustainable use of renewable natural resources, such as water, soils and forests. We will conserve nonrenewable natural resources through efficient use and careful planning. We will protect wildlife habitat, open spaces and wilderness, while preserving biodiversity. 3. REDUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE We will minimize the creation of waste, especially hazardous waste, and wherever possible recycle materials. We will dispose of all wastes through safe and responsible methods. 4. WISE USE OF ENERGY We will make every effort to use environmentally safe and sustainable energy sources to meet our needs. We will invest in improved energy efficiency and conservation in our operations. We will maximize the energy efficiency of products we produce or sell. 5. RISK REDUCTION We will minimize the environmental, health and safety risks to our employees and the communities in which we operate by employing safe technologies and operating procedures and by being constantly prepared for emergencies. 6. MARKETING OF SAFE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES We will sell products or services that minimize adverse environmental impacts and that are safe as consumers commonly use them. We will inform consumers of the environmental impacts of our products or services. 7. DAMAGE COMPENSATION We will take responsibility for any harm we cause to the environment by making every effort to fully restore the environment and to compensate those persons who are adversely affected. 8. DISCLOSURE We will disclose to our employees and to the public incidents relating to our operations that cause environmental harm or pose health or safety hazards. We will disclose potential environmental, health or safety hazards posed by our operations, and we will not take any action against employees who report any condition that creates a danger to the environment or poses health and safety hazards. 9. ENVIRONMENTAL DIRECTORS AND MANAGERS At least one member of the Board of Directors will be a person qualified to represent environmental interests. We will commit management resources to implement these Principles, including the funding of an office of vice president for environmental affairs or an equivalent executive position, reporting directly to the CEO, to monitor and report upon our implementation efforts. 10. ASSESSMENT AND ANNUAL AUDIT We will conduct and make public an annual self-evaluation of our progress in implementing these Principles and in complying with all applicable laws and regulations throughout our worldwide operations. We will work toward the timely creation of independent environmental audit procedures which we will complete annually and make available to the public. *** @CARDwB 0p; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "invest" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Invest in a Better Environment"3. Applying the Valdez Principles Watch the news this year, and keep track of the response of different corporations to the Valdez Principles. Denis Hayes says: "EARTH DAY 1990 will ask corporations to sign in agreement with these principles. And if they don't, will make sure that everyone knows it. Corporations that assault the environment will pay for it...portfolio managers will feel pressure not to invest in their stocks...people will be encouraged not to buy their products...and promising graduates will be encouraged not to accept their job offers." At the press conference announcing the Valdez Principles, trustees controlling $160 billion in assets agreed to use the Principles to guide their investments. The group includes New York City, California, and some mutual funds. The next step in the strategy is to win a similar commitment from the people who manage university pension and endowment portfolios. You can help speed the adoption of the Valdez Principles by monitoring your own investments. If you own mutual fund shares, give the fund's manager a call (most have toll-free numbers) and ask which companies in their portfolio have signed up in agreement with the Valdez Principles. If they say they don't know, encourage them to find out - you can even print a copy of the Principles from this program and send it to the fund's management. Tell them you are considering pulling your money out of the fund if they don't invest in environmentally responsible companies. Investors who own shares of individual stocks can take similar action. Ask your broker for written proof that the company you are interested in has adopted the Valdez Principles. ***investlCARDT@S.l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp p9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "recyclel" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Recycle at Home and at Work"1. Find Out Where You Can Recycle The first step to recycling is to find out where. Ask your friends and look in the phone book. You can also call the Environmental Defense Fund at 1-800-CALL-EDF, to help you find a recycling center near you. Many cities have handy curb-side recycling pickups, in other areas, such as where we live, you take your recyclable materials to a central collection point. Save up your recyclables to make your trip to the collection station worthwhile...don't waste gas recycling! Recycling is a good habit to develop. You can feel good about doing something positive to help reduce pollution and global warming. If your school or workplace is not yet recycling, get them started on this good habit also. ***recycleCARDxS,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Recycle at Home and at Work%2. Glass, Paper, Plastic, and Metals Many materials can be recycled, besides the usual aluminum cans and papers. Most recycling centers accept glass, but you may have to separate the clear, green, and brown colors. According to Earth Day 1990, recycling a single glass jar can save enough energy to run a 100 watt light bulb for 4 hours! Many recycling centers also accept certain types of plastic bottles and jugs. Some of these plastics are reincarnated as insulation for ski parkas and sleeping bags. Check with your local center to see what kinds of plastics are recyclable. Tin (actually tin-plated steel) cans are often accepted. The Environmental Defense Fund reports that each year Americans throw away enough steel and iron to supply Detroit's big three automakers with all their steel. Cardboard can often be recycled, if it is flattened and stored in sheets. Recycle ALL your waste aluminum. While your local grocery store or recycling center may only accept beverage cans, check around for an aluminum recycle center that will take foil, cake pans, TV dinner trays, even old storm window frames and lawn chairs! Reynolds Aluminum Co. operates many such centers. Find a home for your used motor oil. Don't dump it in the soil where it pollutes the groundwater. Ask at service stations, garages, or oil distributors where you can recycle oil. If you work in an office, try to get the whole office into the habit of recycling paper and computer printouts. *** @CARDyS,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Recycle at Home and at Work'3. Buy and Use Recycled Paper Productsp Recycling paper is especially important for many reasons. It's much better to save a live tree that is helping remove CO2 from the air than to cut it down to make paper, when the paper can just as easily be made from recycled paper. Waste paper currently makes up about HALF the volume of our landfills. The manufacture of recycled paper produces less pollution and takes less energy as well. Recycling paper creates more jobs than cutting down trees. So why aren't Americans making and using more recycled paper? Good question, but not a simple answer. Part of it is just wasteful habits and a lack of market demand for recycled paper products - currently only a few of the nation's paper mills are set up to handle recycled paper. Part of it is due to below-cost timber sales by the US Forest Service. No matter what all the reasons are, YOU can do something now to improve the paper recycling situation. Make a personal commitment to buy only recycled paper for your personal and business use. It may cost a little more for a few years, until the paper industry adapts, but isn't our Earth worth it? The only way to get the recycling ball rolling is for consumers, you and I, to use and demand recycled paper products. Look for the 'made from recycled paper' logo on products you buy. Here are some suppliers of recycled paper products - copy paper, envelopes, letterheads, computer paper, note pads, greeting cards, etc: - Earth Care Paper Inc. P.O. Box 3335 Madison, WI 53704 (608) 256-5522 Send for their 32 page catalog covering a full line of home and office paper products. ----- - Recycled Paper Co. 185 Corey Rd. Boston, MA 02146 (617) 277-9901 Stationary and paper for office use. ----- - Conservatree Paper Co. 10 Lombard St. Suite 250 San Francisco, CA 94111 (800) 522-9200 Ca: (415) 433-1000 Large quantities for office use. ----- - Bio-Pax Division Diversified Packaging Products Inc. 1265 Pine Hill Dr. Annapolis, MD 21401 (301) 974-4411 Boxes, cushioning, wrappers, bags. *** CARDzS,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Recycle at Home and at Work4. Reduce, Reuse, and RecycleE Remember the 3 R's: Reduce....Reuse.....Recycle Reuse of anything is the easiest and best way to recycle. Save containers, bags, boxes, building material scraps - anything that you can put to another use later. - Use cloth towels and napkins instead of paper ones. - Use rechargeable batteries instead of disposable ones. - Reduce packaging waste by buying food in large quantities or bulk. Store it in reusable containers. - Reduce the need to recycle paper by getting off the junk mail lists. Why should trees be destroyed for mail you don't even want? Write to: Mail Preference Service Direct Marketing Association 6 East 43rd St. New York, NY 10017 Ask them to stop selling your name and address to direct mail companies. This should reduce the amount of junk mail you will receive. Be sure to give both your name and your spouse's name. - Avoid waste by not buying disposable shavers, flashlights, cameras, plastic plates, cups, and similar products. Recycling is only effective when you buy products made from recycled materials. Fortunately, the list is growing every day. If you are in the Denver area sometime, you may want to visit the 'Complete the Cycle Center', probably the first museum and resource center dedicated to displaying new recycled products! All kinds of recycled products are on display, even the museum's carpet is a recycled product, made from plastic pop bottles. The center shares a building with the commercial Tri-R recycling company, so visitors can see both the processing of waste and the finished products! Funded with an EPA start-up grant, the center opened in December 1990. For information about tours contact: Complete the Cycle Center Box 16664 3600 E. 48th Ave. Denver, CO 80216 (303)333-3434 For more information on carpets manufactured from recycled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) soda pop bottles, contact: IMAGE Carpets Inc. PO Box 5555, 112 Turkey Mountain Road NE, Armuchee, GA 30105 1-800-722-2504 IMAGE claims they use 20,000 tons of bottles each year! ***CARD{'S02p; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "recycle" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Recycle at Home and at Work!5. Start a Backyard Compost Pile Get a book on composting and set up a compost pile in your back yard. Your kitchen vegetable and fruit (no meat) scraps can be composted along with leaves and grass clippings to make safe organic fertilizer for your lawn and garden. Why buy expensive chemical fertilizers when you can make your own and reduce waste at the same time? Some composting resources: 'The Art of Composting' from Recycling Information Center, Metro. Service District, 2000 SW First Ave., Portland OR 97201, $1.25 'Biocycle Magazine', special section on composting in Oct. 1987 issue. 'The Rodale Guide to Composting' (book) Rodale Press, 1-800-441-7761 *** Get a book on composting and set up a compost pile in your back yard. Your kitchen vegetable and fruit (no meat) scraps can be composted along with leaves and grass clippings to make safe organic fertilizer for your lawn and garden. Why buy expensive chemical fertilizers when you can make your own and reduce waste at the same time?recyclel`CARDQ@P,n9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "shopl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer$1. Don't Shop Till the Planet Drops Presidential elections occur only every 4 years. Yet every time you write a check or pull out your plastic charge card, you are casting a vote in our economic system. Companies are responsive to consumer's preferences. Each time you make a purchase, you either reinforce a bad environmental product, or encourage a good one. As a rule, try to buy quality products that can be used for a long time, buy products with minimal packaging, and do not buy disposable products. Our success as a nation should not be based on the quantity of our consumption, but instead on the quality of our natural environment. For more information on informed shopping decisions, you may want to order a copy of 'Shopping for a Better World', from the Council on Economic Priorities, 30 Irving Place, NY, NY 10003. The cost is $4.95, plus $1 for shipping. The book ranks over 1300 brand name products. This consumer shopping section contains a number of specific recommendations. You may not agree with all these ideas, but we encourage you to do those things that you feel comfortable with. Together, we can bring about the changes for a cleaner world and a more stable climate. ***shop CARD|vP, (l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer&2. Buy a High-Mileage Car: EPA Tests TOP MILEAGE MODELS FOR 1991 YEAR - 40 MPG HIGHWAY OR BETTER: Mfgr & Model City Hwy Engine (liters) Geo Metro XFI 53 58 1.0 Geo Metro LSI 45 50 1.0 Suzuki Swift 45 50 1.0 Honda Civic CRX HF 43 49 1.5 Geo Metro LSI Convertable 41 46 1.0 Suzuki Swift 39 43 1.3 Volkswagen Jetta 37 43 1.6 Daihatsu Charade 38 42 1.0 Ford Festiva 35 42 1.3 Ford Escort 31 41 1.9 Pontiac Lemans 31 40 1.6 (all the above have manual transmissions) --------------------------------------------------------------- TOP MILEAGE MODELS FOR EACH EPA CLASS: TWO SEATERS: Honda Civic CRX HF 43 49 1.5 MINICOMPACT: Nissan Coupe 28 38 1.6 SUBCOMPACT: Geo Metro XFI 53 58 1.0 COMPACT: Ford Escort FS 31 41 1.9 MID-SIZE: Dodge Spirit 24 34 2.5 Plymouth Acclaim 24 34 2.5 LARGE: Buick Lesabre 19 28 3.8 Oldsmobile 88 19 28 3.8 Pontiac Bonneville 19 28 3.8 SM. WAGONS: Ford Escort 29 36 1.9 Mercury Tracer 29 36 1.9 MID. WAGONS: Pontiac 6000 19 30 3.1 Volkswagen Passat 21 30 2.0 2WD SM PICKUPS: Ford Ranger PU 24 29 2.3 4WD SM PICKUPS: Ford Ranger PU 22 25 2.3 2WD LG PICKUPS: Dodge Dakota PU 21 27 2.5 CARGO VANS: Ford Aerostar 19 24 3.0 PASS. VANS: Ford Aerostar 18 23 3.0 2WD SPECIAL: Suzuki Samurai 28 20 1.3 4WD SPECIAL: Subaru Loyale 24 29 1.8 Suzuki Samurai 28 29 1.3 -------------------------------------------------------------- The 1991 Gas Mileage Guide is published by the DOE to aid consumers in selecting a fuel-efficient new car. The Guide contains mileage estimates based on tests conducted by the EPA on all car models available for each model year. The simplest way to obtain a copy is to visit an auto dealer in your community. All new car and truck dealers are required to have copies of the Mileage Guides available for the public in their showrooms. *** CARD}LP, l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer$3. Avoid Fast Food Drive-up Windows Better yet, avoid fast food drive-ins all together. When you 'drive thru' to buy that burger, you are adding to global warming in at least 2 ways: 1. While your car is idling, you are pumping more CO2 into the air. 2. That styrofoam/polystyrene burger container may or may not contain CFC-11, but even the newer replacement HCFC chemicals are greenhouse gases and still contribute to ozone depletion. MacDonalds recently announced that they will eventually phase out the plastic clamshells, to be replaced by some paper or cardboard product. What ever happened to the simple waxed paper hamburger wrappers of the 50's and 60's? Meanwhile the other large chains still promote plastic foams. ***@CARD~P,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer$4. Buy Foods with Minimal Packagingt In the past several decades, the amount of packaging materials used in the food industry has increased greatly, for the sake of 'convenience'. Since the widespread popularity of microwave ovens, the situation has now gotten to the point where most of the cost of the product is in the packaging and preparation, and very little in the food itself. You can reduce this trend on a personal level by buying food in bulk and in larger simple packages. You will save money, and reduce global pollution at the same time. One type of package to avoid is the single serving juice box. These packages consist of bonded layers of plastic, foil, and paper (mixed materials) that are impossible to recycle with today's technology. These boxes are already banned in Maine, a state trying to cut its solid waste in half by 1994. Use glass or metal containers that can be recycled. ***@CARD}P,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer 5. Use Cloth, not Paper Diapers For centuries the human race has prospered without the need to cut down trees and fill up dumps with disposable diapers. These paper diapers were not introduced until 1961, and over 18 billion are used annually. Using cloth diapers saves trees we need for a stable global environment. If you don't have time to wash the cotton diapers yourself, take advantage of a commercial diaper service. CARDP,4l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer 6. Don't Buy Products with CFCs While it is generally recognized that CFCs must be eliminated to save our ozone layer, many CFC-based products are still on store shelves today. While politicians and chemical industry executives squabble over phaseout timetables, we can send our votes to the companies' marketing departments today. In particular, do not buy: - Halon fire extinguishers. - Do-it-yourself air conditioner recharge cans of R-12 CFC. - Any kind of rigid foam products, like plastic cups, plates, bowls, or any product using such packaging. Originally, most of these styrofoam or polystyrene products used CFC-11 as blowing agent, now some manufacturers have switched to CFC replacements, known as HCFCs. While most HCFCs are not as damaging to the ozone layer (HCFC-22 is still a threat), all of the HCFCs are nevertheless powerful greenhouse gases. HCFC-22 and HCFC-134a are particularly bad. The moral is this: don't buy any rigid foam products. If you are bringing leftovers home from your favorite restaurant, insist on a simple paper doggie bag, a piece of aluminum foil, or a paper carton - don't accept a foam container. - Today CFCs are still used as the working fluid in car air conditioners. Since car A/C units are subject to much vibration, they are frequently leaky and CFC-12 (R-12) leaks to destroy the ozone layer. You may want to seriously consider buying your next car WITHOUT air conditioning. Instead, buy one with a light-colored paint job, a light interior, and roll down the windows. *** CARDP,Dl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer#7. Service Your Car's A/C Properly The constant vibration of car air conditioners makes them especially prone to CFC leaks. To protect the ozone layer, and reduce greenhouse gases, many experts now recommend that you have your car's A/C system tested every two years, with any suspect hoses and fittings replaced. Be sure to have this work done at a garage that uses CFC recycling equipment, so the CFCs are not vented to the atmosphere. At the present time, only some of the major car dealerships have this equipment: Ford, General Motors, Nissan, and Volvo have committed to have the equipment in dealer's shops during 1990. Before dropping your car off for air conditioner service, BE SURE your dealer or mechanic has this important CFC recycling equipment! In a similar fashion, if your home refrigerator needs service, make sure the repairman will capture the CFCs in a recovery bag when making a service call. Whirlpool Corporation is working to make these bags available to all their service outlets during the first half of 1990. ***`CARDRP,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer%8. Shop to Save Tropical Rainforests The sad fact of most rainforest destruction is that many countries, under the burden of debt, feel they need to "develop and exploit" remote rainforest areas to earn export dollars just to pay interest on foreign loans. (See the forest/tropical rainforest section for more details.) One way we can slow forest destruction is by not buying products that result from the "slash and burn" land management style. Instead buy rainforest products that result from sustainable management of the natural forest areas, such as brazil nuts and natural latex rubber. Destructive rainforest products to avoid: - Imported beef, since about 2/3 of the forested land is cleared for short-term cattle ranching. - Tropical hardwood products - plywood and furniture - made from rosewood, teak, and mahogany. Instead buy ash, bamboo, cedar, or pine products. Contact the Rainforest Action Network for more information. ***CARDP,Hl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer%9. Buy the Most Efficient Appliances When shopping for a new home appliance, such as a refrigerator, air conditioner, washer, or furnace, be sure to check the energy efficiency rating tag on the appliance. These tags show an EER number that can be used to compare different brands and models. For example, an air conditioner with an EER rating of 12 will only use two-thirds the electric power of the unit with a rating of 8. For more information, send $3 to the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, 1001 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 535, Washington, DC 20036. Ask for the latest copy of their annual 'Most Energy-Efficient Appliances' guide book. The Rocky Mountain Institute has proposed that a similar energy efficiency labeling program be applied to office equipment, such as copiers, fax machines, computers, and laser printers. Sounds like a good idea - write your senators and ask them to sponsor this type of legislation. If you are building a new home, why not make it an 'energy efficient showcase'. If you must use electric heat, buy an efficient heat pump. Use fluorescent lighting - give the Seattle Lighting Design Lab a call if you can't locate the light fixture you need. Be sure to install the most efficient refrigerator, dishwasher, and water heater you can find. ***CARDP.$n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "shop" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Be a Thoughtful Consumer&10. Buy Products in Recycled Packages One more shopping hint - when you are standing in the grocery isle comparing two brands of scouring pads, two tubes of toothpaste, or two boxes of cereal, look for the "this product uses recycled packaging" logo.shopl CARDN@M , nn9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "phill" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Adopt an Environmental Philosophy 1. Time to Look at Our Values  It's time to examine our moral values. Examine our attitudes as they relate to our natural world. Each of us needs to ask ourselves: What makes us really happy? What makes us feel secure? Has our striving for ever higher levels of materialistic consumption caused us to forget that we are living human beings? In the final analysis, we ultimately have much more in common with the plants, animals, air and water than we have with the mechanical, chemical and electronic world we have created around us. The structures of property ownership and economic decision- making in our Western culture need to be examined as well. While our concepts of private property work reasonably well for ownership of real estate (land), they certainly are not working when applied to 'common global assets' such as air and water. Maybe we need to amend the Bill of Rights to guarantee the right of every individual to have clean air and water. Property ownership structures in the forms of stock shares and corporations are not serving us well as far as environmental decision making goes. Corporations are not living organisms. They do not biologically reproduce and leave succeeding generations of offspring. They are not part of the natural biosphere. In spite of these obvious differences, they are treated in our laws as if they were real persons. Why can't corporations make logical, sensible environmental decisions? At least two reasons are obvious. Since many are so large, there is always the chance that this great power will be abused, as it often is in the political arena. The second reason may be the fact mentioned above - corporations do not have biological children and grandchildren. There is no incentive in corporate decision making processes to plan for future generations' well-being, only the need to look toward the next quarterly report. This is not to say that the corporate structure should be abolished - it just needs to be modified. The Valdez Principles are significant in that they attempt to do this. Certainly, as the events unfold in Eastern Europe, we realize that centrally planned economies are not the answer to either basic human needs or to the energy efficiency our world population must have if we are to continue our stay on this planet. We have lost the balance between two Biblical concepts, one of "being good stewards" and the other of "multiplying our numbers and subduing the earth". It is clear that in the past, too much emphasis has been placed on the latter concept, and not nearly enough on the 'stewardship' idea. ***philCARD@M ,n9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Adopt an Environmental Philosophy 2. Chief Seattle's Letter6 When President Franklin Pierce wanted to buy land from the Puget Sound Indians in 1854, Chief Seattle wrote this reply. Chief Seattle understood there was much more at stake than the simple land purchase the white men in Washington were thinking of -- the white man's laws and philosophies had somehow allowed him to lose respect and understanding for his natural environment: "How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every clearing, and humming insect is holy in the memory and experience of my people. The sap which courses through the trees carries the memories of the red man. The white man's dead forget the country of their birth when they go to walk among the stars. Our dead never forget this beautiful earth, for it is the mother of the red man. We are part of the earth and it is a part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters; the deer, the horse, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadows, the body heat of the pony, and man - all belong to the same family. So, when the Great Chief in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land, he asks much of us. The Great Chief sends word he will reserve us a place so that we can live comfortably to ourselves. He will be our father and we will be his children. So we will consider your offer to buy our land. But it will not be easy. For this land is sacred to us. This shining water that moves in the streams and the rivers is not just water but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell you land, you must remember that it is sacred, and you must teach your children that it is sacred and that each ghastly reflection in the clear water of the lakes tells of events and memories in the life of my people. The water's murmur is the voice of my father's father. The rivers are our brothers, they quench our thirst. The rivers carry our canoes, and feed our children. If we sell you our land, you must remember, and teach your children, that the rivers are our brothers, and yours, and you must henceforth give the rivers the kindness you would give any brother. We know that the white man does not understand our ways. One portion of land is the same to him as the next, for he is a stranger who comes in the night and takes from the land whatever he needs. The earth is not his brother but his enemy, and when he has conquered it, he moves on. He leaves his fathers' graves and his children's birthright is forgotten. He treats his mother, the earth, and his brother, the sky, as things to be bought, plundered, sold like sheep or bright beads. His appetite will devour the earth and leave behind only a desert. I do not know. Our ways are different from your ways. The sight of your cities pains the eyes of the red man. But perhaps it is because the red man is a savage and does not understand. There is no quiet place in the white man's cities. No place to hear the unfurling of leaves in spring, or the rustle of an insect's wings. But perhaps it is because I am a savage and do not understand. The clatter only seems to insult the ears. And what is there to life if a man cannot hear the lonely cry of the whippoorwill or the arguments of the frogs around a pond at night? I am a red man and do not understand. The Indian prefers the soft sound of the wind darting over the face of a pond, and the smell of the wind itself, cleansed by rain or scented with the pine cone. The air is precious to the red man, for all things share the same breath: the beast, the tree, the man, they all share the same breath. The white men, they all share the same breath. The white man does not seem to notice the air he breathes. Like a man dying for many days, he is numb to the stench. But if we sell you our land, you must remember that the air is precious to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports. The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also received his last sigh. And if we sell you our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where even the white man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow's flowers. So we will consider your offer to buy our land. If we decide to accept I will make one condition. The white man must treat the beasts of this land as his brothers. I am savage and I do not understand any other way. I have seen a thousand rotting buffaloes on the prairie, left by the white man who shot them from a passing train. I am a savage and I do not understand how the smoking iron horse can be more important than the buffalo that we kill only to stay alive. What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, man would die from a great loneliness of spirit. For whatever happens to the beasts, soon happens to man. All things are connected. You must teach your children that the ground beneath their feet is the ashes of our grandfathers. So that they will respect the land, tell your children that the earth is rich with the lives of our kin. Teach your children what we have taught our children, that the earth is our mother. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself. Even the white man, whose God walks and talks with him as friend to friend, cannot be exempt from the common destiny. We may be brothers after all. We shall see. One thing we know, which the white man may one day discover-our God is the same God. You may think now that you own Him as you wish to own our land; but you cannot. He is the God of man and his compassion is equal for the red man and the white. This earth is precious to him, and to harm the earth is to heap contempt upon its Creator. The Whites, too, shall pass; perhaps sooner than all other tribes. Contaminate your bed, and you will one night suffocate in your own waste. But in your perishing, you will shine brightly, fired by the strength of the God who brought you to this land and for some special purpose gave you dominion over this land and over the red man. That destiny is a mystery to us, for we do not understand when the buffalo are all slaughtered, the wild horses are tamed, the secret corners of the forest heavy with the scent of many men and the view of the ripe hills blotted out by talking wires. Where is the thicket? Gone. Where is the eagle? Gone." ***philCARDbM .n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "phil" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Adopt an Environmental Philosophy'3. Quotes: Mankind and the Environment "Examine each question in terms of what is ethically and aesthetically right, as well as is economically expedient. A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." - Aldo Leopold "It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these western woods..Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christ's time - and long before that - God has saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand straining leveling tempests and floods; but he cannot save them from fools." - John Muir "There is just one hope of repulsing the tyrannical ambition of civilization to conquer every niche on the whole earth. That hope is the organization of spirited people who will fight for the freedom of the wilderness." - Bob Marshall ***phillCARDcARRj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Read What Experts Say "The alarm bells of climate change are ringing for all of us; the weather will not wait... We are all in the greenhouse together, nobody can stop the world and get off." - Mostafa K. Tolba, Exec. Director of UN Environment Programme "Yes, we can win this struggle, no matter how overwhelming it may seem. Those of us who are willing to heed Earth's warning signals -- global warming, ozone holes, toxic ground water, acid rain, disappearing species, drought and hunger -- can issue a warning of our own to the politicians and the corporations: Starting now, at the beginning of a new decade, you WILL be held accountable." - Denis Hayes, National Coordinator of Earth Day 1970, Chairman of Earth Day 1990 "The greenhouse effect...is changing our climate now...It is time to stop waffling so much and say that the evidence is pretty strong that the greenhouse effect is here" - James E. Hansen, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies "As I recently stated before a US Senate committee investigating the spill, when we are confronted with death, with destruction, it is common to feel grief, to mourn. We all mourn for Prince William Sound and the life that is no more. And it is also natural to feel anger. Anger over broken promises, anger over lies. Anger over greed, arrogance, ineptitude. Anger that so few can destroy so much. Anger can be constructive, but only if we use its energy to undertake constructive tasks. We must never forget our grief or our anger; we must learn from this tragedy, and we must act on its lessons." - Michael L. Fisher, Executive Director, Sierra Club "Global warming will be the greatest environmental challenge of the 21st century." - Senator Albert Gore "Tree-planting has the virtue of being an action that moves in the right direction and that educates about the fundamental nature of the global issue at the same time." - R. Neil Sampson, Exec. Vice President, American Forestry Association "It is quite common on the scientific side of industry to believe that there aren't any real environmental problems, that there are just public relations problems." - Sherry Roland, Chemist at Univ. of California, Irvine, who with Mario Molina, discovered in 1974 that CFCs destroy ozone. "We believe that tropical rainforests are one of the most important global ecological issues of our time. These forests are a vital part of the life support systems of the planet. To ensure their survival is to ensure our own survival. If we don't act now they could be gone by the year 2050. We may be the last generation that will have the chance to save the rainforests." - Randy Hayes, Executive Director, Rainforest Action Network "Mankind is in the process of conducting a major, unintentional experiment, that of feeding back into the atmosphere in a short space of geological time the fossils fuels that have slowly accumulated over the past 500 million years." - Roger Revelle, Professor of Science and Public Policy, University of California "Without recognition and action, we will continue on a course that is rapidly and fundamentally altering the composition of the atmosphere. By doing nothing, we risk the planet's future. We must change directions. I hope that history will record that at the end of the 20th century, mankind recognized and began to meet this challenge." - Senator Tim Wirth "At present we are altering our environment faster than we can understand the resulting climatic changes. If the trend does not stop, we shall eventually either verify or disprove the climate models - by means of a real, global experiment whose consequences we shall not escape." - Stephen H. Schneider, Climatologist, National Center for Atmospheric Research "People everywhere are offended by pollution. They sense intuitively that we have pressed beyond the limits we should not have exceeded. They want to clean up the world, make it a better place, be good trustees of the earth for future generations." - James Gustave Speth, President of the World Resources Institute "Humanity is conducting an unintended, global pervasive experiment whose ultimate consequences could be second only to a global nuclear war. The Earth's atmosphere is being changed at an unprecedented rate by pollutants resulting from human activities, inefficient and wasteful use of fossil fuels, and the effects of rapid population growth in many regions. These changes represent a major threat." - Statement of the Toronto Conference, 'The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security', 1988. ***expertsCARDK@J,n9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "joinl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization#1. Better Yet, Join More Than One! Significant things happen when people concerned about Earth's environment work together. Politicians will not listen until we unite. Local projects in your community will not get done until you begin to work with like-minded neighbors. Consider joining both a local community group as well as a nationwide organization. This way you can work effectively on local issues, such as recycling, community energy efficiency, or toxic wastes. Membership in a national level group lets you add your voice to important national and international issues. If you do not have a friend who belongs to a group you are interested in, feel free to write or call the group and request information before you join. ***join CARD@"5'd "):6 n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization2. Large National Groups The following list consists of some of the largest environmental and conservation organizations in the US. All have 50,000 members or more. The principal advantage of a big group is the 'numerical clout' they carry, if they are lobbying in Washington for the kind of political action you believe in. Most of these groups also publish a monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly magazine for their members. Many of the names of the organizations describe their work. Some may be able to supply information about various topics shown below: KEY: A-acid rain G-global warming P-pesticides R-tropical rainforests --- African Wildlife Foundation 1717 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington DC 20036 (202)265-8394 --- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 441 East 92nd St. New York NY 10128 --- Center For Marine Conservation 1725 DeSales St. NW Ste. 500 Washington DC 20036 (202)429-5609 --- Clean Water Action 317 Pennsylvania Ave, SE P Washington DC 20003 (202)547-1196 --- Cousteau Society 930 W. 21st Street R,G Norfolk VA 23517 (804)627-1144 --- Defenders of Wildlife 1244 19th St. NW Washington DC 20036 (202)659-9510 --- Ducks Unlimited 1 Waterfowl Way Long Grove IL 60047 (312)438-4300 --- Environmental Defense Fund 257 Park Ave. South A,G,R,P New York NY 10010 (212)505-2100 --- Friends Of Animals PO Box 1244 Norwalk CT 06856 (203)866-5223 --- Friends of the Earth, Oceanic Society 218 D Street SE G,R Washington DC 20003 (202)544-2600 --- Greenpeace USA 1436 U St. NW Washington DC 20009 (202)462-1177 --- International Wildlife Coalition 320 Gifford St. Falmouth MA 02540 (508)540-8086 --- Izaak Walton League of America 1401 Wilson Blvd. Level B Arlington VA 22209 (703)528-1818 --- League of Conservation Voters 2000 C St., Suite 804 Washington DC 20002 (202)785-8683 --- National Arbor Day Foundation 100 Arbor Ave. Nebraska City NE 68410 (402)474-5655 --- National Audubon Society 950 Third Ave A,G,R Ney York NY 10022 (212)832-3200 --- National Parks & Conservation Association 1015 31 st St. NW Washington DC 20007 (202)944-8530 --- National Toxics Campaign 1168 Commonwealth Ave, 3 rd Floor A,P Boston MA 02134 (617)232-4014 --- National Wildlife Federation 1400 16th Street, NW A,G Washington DC 20036 (202)797-6800 --- Natural Resources Defense Council 40 W 20 th Street A,G,R New York NY 10011 (212)727-2700 --- Nature Conservancy 1815 N. Lynn Street R Arlington VA 22209 (703)841-5300 --- Sierra Club 730 Polk St. A,G,R San Francisco CA 94109 (415)776-2211 --- Trout Unlimited 501 Church St. NE A Vienna VA 22180 (703)281-1100 --- Union of Concerned Scientists 26 Church St. G Cambridge MA 02238 (617)547-5552 --- Wilderness Society 900 Seventeenth St., N.W. Washington DC 20006 (202)833-2300 --- World Wildlife Fund 1250 24 th St. NW G,R Washington DC 20037 (202)293-4800 *** `CARDܕ@ <"5'd "):6 n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization3. Regional Groups The following is a list of environmental groups that are focused primarily on regional issues. These groups are usually a great source of local environmental contacts, many are in touch with grassroots activities. --- Alternative Resource Center Public Policy Consultants Lansing MI 48912 (517)372-5041 --- Atlantic Center For The Environment 39 S. Main St. Ipswich MA 01938 (508)356-0038 --- Bio-Integral Resource Center Box 7414 P Berkeley CA 94707 (415)524-2567 --- Center For Environmental Information 99 Court St. A Rochester NY 14604 (716)546-3796 --- Chesapeake Bay Foundation 162 Prince George St. Annapolis MD 21401 (301)268-8816 --- Colorado Environmental Coalition 777 Grant St. - Suite 606 Denver CO 80203 (303)837-8701 --- Community Environmental Council 930 Miramonte Dr. Santa Barbara CA 93109 (805)963-0583 --- Complete the Cycle Center PO Box 16664 Denver CO 80216 (303)333-3434 --- Ecology Center 1403 Addison St. Berkeley CA 94702 (415)548-2220 --- Grand Canyon Trust Route 4, Box 718 Flagstaff AZ 86001 --- Greater Yellowstone Coalition PO Box 1874 Bozeman MT 59717 (406)586-1593 --- Marine Mammal Fund Ft. Mason Center, Bldg. E San Francisco CA 94123 (415)775-4636 --- Northcoast Environmental Center 879 Ninth St. Arcata CA 95521 (707)822-6918 --- Ocean Alliance Fort Mason Center, Bldg. E San Francisco CA 94123 (415)441-5970 ****CARDޞ@("5'd "):6 n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization$4. Groups with Specialized Missions(H These environmental and conservation organizations are focused in specialty areas. In many cases you can determine the type of specialization from the name. The letters to the right indicate some areas of interest, and these groups should be able to supply information to the interested person. In any case, it is usually best to call or write the organization and request more information about their work, and membership fees. KEY: A-acid rain G-global warming P-pesticides R-tropical rainforests --- Acid Rain Foundation Inc. 1410 Varsity Dr. A Raleigh NC 27606 (919)828-9443 --- Alliance for Environmental Education 10751 Ambassador Dr., Ste 201 Manassas VA 22110 (703)335-1025 --- American Association of Zoological Parks & Aquariums Rt. 88 Wheeling WV 26003 (304)242-2160 --- American Cetacean Society P.O. Box 2639 San Pedro CA 90731 (213)548-6279 --- American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy 1001 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 535 Washington DC 20036 (202)429-8873 --- American Farmland Trust 1920 N St. NW Suite 400 Washington DC 20036 (202)659-5170 --- American Forestry Assoc. 1516 P St. NW R Washington DC 20005 (202)667-3300 --- American Institute of Biological Scientists 730 11th St. NW Washington DC 20001 (202)628-1500 --- American Rivers 801 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Ste 303 Washington DC 20003 (202)547-6900 --- Animal Legal Defense Fund 1363 Lincoln Ave. San Rafael CA 94901 --- Appalachian Mountain Club 5 Joy St. Boston MA 02108 (617)523-0636 --- Assoc. of Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics PO Box 11615 Eugene OR 97440 (503)484-2692 --- Better World Society 1100 17 th St. NW Suite 502 Washington DC 20036 (202)331-3770 --- Carrying Capacity Network, Inc. 1325 G Street, N.W. - Suite 1003 Washington DC 20005 (202)879-3044 --- Center For International Development and Environment 1709 New York Ave. NW Washington DC 20006 (202)462-0900 --- Citizens' Clearinghouse for Haz. Wastes Box 926 Arlington VA 22216 (703)276-7070 --- Climate Institute 316 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Suite 403 Washington DC 20003 --- CO-OP America 2100 M Street, N.W. Suite 403 Washington DC 20063 (800) 424-2667 --- Committee for Sustainable Agriculture PO Box 1300 Colfax CA 95713 (916)346-6366 --- Conservation International 1015 18 th St NW Suite 1002 R Washington DC 20036 (202)429-5660 --- Conservation Law Foundation 3 Joy St. Boston MA 02146 (617)742-2540 --- Council on Economic Priorities 30 Irving Pl. New York NY 10003 (212)420-1133 --- Cultural Survival 11 Divinity Ave. R Cambridge MA 02138 (617)495-2562 --- Earth First! Box 5871 Tucson AZ 85703 (602)622-1371 --- Earth Island Institute 300 Broadway Suite 28 G San Francisco CA 94133 (415)788-3666 --- Earthcare Network c/o Michael McCloskey Washington DC 20003 (202)547-1141 --- Earthmind PO Box 743 Mariposa CA 95338 --- Earthwatch 680 Mt. Auburn St. Watertown MA 02172 (617)926-8200 --- Elmwood Institute Box 5805 Berkeley CA 94705 (415)845-4595 --- Environmental Action Coalition 625 Broadway New York NY 10012 (212)677-1601 --- Environmental Action Foundation 1525 New Hampshire Ave. NW Washington DC 20036 (202)745-4870 --- Environmental Law Institute 1619 P St. NW Suite 200 Washington DC 20036 (202)328-5150 --- Environmental Policy Institute 218 D Street SE Washington DC 20003 (202)544-2600 --- Friends Of The River, Inc. Bldg. C, 3rd Floor San Francisco CA 94123 (415)771-0400 --- Global Greenhouse Network 1130 17th St NW G Washington DC 20036 (202)466-2823 --- Global Tomorrow Coalition 1325 G St. NW Suite 915 Washington DC 20005 (202)628-4016 --- Gov't Accountability Project-EPA Watch 25 E Street NW, Suite 700 Washington DC 20001 (202)347-0460 --- Green Committees of Correspondence Box 30208 Kansas City MO 64112 (816)932-9366 --- Int. Found. for Survival & Development of Humanity 11 DuPont Circle - 6 th Floor G Washington DC 20036 (202)745-1900 --- INTECOL : International Association for Ecology c/o Institute of Ecololgy Athens GA 30602 (404)542-2968 --- Intl. Alliance for Sustainable Argiculture 1710 University Ave. SE, Room 202 P Minneapolis MN 55414 (612)331-1099 --- Mineral Policy Center 1325 Massachusetts Ave. N.W. - Suite 550 Washington DC 20005 --- Mothers & Others for Pesticide Limits NRDC P Washington DC 20090 (202)783-7800 --- National Container Recycling Coalition PO Box 15060 Washington DC 20003 --- National Recycling Coalition 1101 30th St. NW, Suite 305 Washington DC 20007 (202)639-5080 --- Native American Rights Fund 1506 Broadway Boulder CO 80302 (303)447-8762 --- Natl. Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides 530 Seventh St. SE P Washington DC 20003 (202)543-5450 --- Negative Population Growth, Inc. PO Box 1206 Teaneck NJ 07666 (201)837-3555 --- Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides Box 1393 P Eugene OR 97440 (503)344-5044 --- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PO Box 42516 Washington DC 20015 --- Pesticide Action Network Box 610 P San Francisco CA 94101 (415)541-9140 --- Planet Drum Foundation Box 31251 San Francisco CA 94131 (415)285-6556 --- Population Institute 110 Maryland Ave. NE Washington DC 20002 (202)544-3300 --- Population-Environment Balance 1325 G Street, N.W. - Suite 1003 Washington DC 20005 --- Rainforest Action Network 301 Broadway, Suite A R San Francisco CA 94133 (415)398-4404 --- Rainforest Alliance 295 Madison Ave., Suite 1804 R New York NY 10017 (212)599-5060 --- Renew America 1400 16th St NW, Suite 710 Washington DC 20036 (202)232-2252 --- Rocky Mountain Institute 1739 Snowmass Creek Rd. A,G Snowmass CO 81654 --- Save America's Forests 1742 18th St. NW Washington DC 20009 (202)677-5150 --- Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Box 7000-S Redondo Beach CA 90277 (213)373-6979 --- Sierra Club Leagal Defense Fund 2044 Fillmore St. San Francisco CA 94115 --- Toxics Coordinating Project The California Toxics Coalition San Francisco CA 94102 (415)781-2745 --- Windstar Foundation 2317 Snowmass Creek Rd. Snowmass CO 81654 --- World Resources Institute 1709 New York Ave., NW A,G,R Washington DC 20006 --- Worldwatch Institute 1776 Massachusetts Ave NW A,G Washington DC 20036 (202)452-1999 --- Zero Population Growth 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 320 G Washington DC 20036 (202)332-2200 ***CARD@"5'd "):6 n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization5. Log onto Green BBS Networksx 'Save the Planet' started with the idea that the grassroots networking of shareware would be a good match for grassroots environmentalists and educators. We were right! Most of our users have found STP's information and resources to be very valuable, and some requested we add a directory of environmental BBS (electronic bulletin board systems) so they can communicate with other computer-using environmentalists. So, without further introduction, our first annual listing of GREEN BBSs: 1. ECONET - This system is the biggest, the 'Compuserve' of the US Environmental community. Over 4000 users, and gateways to all major e-mail systems. Sponsored by the non-profit Inst. for Global Communications (IGC), who also sponsors PeaceNet. Strong ties with GreenNet (Europe/UK), Web (Canada), and Pegasus (EarthNet Australia). Used extensively by universities, non- profits, and activists. 'Save the Planet' is a member of Econet, you may e-mail us as 'saveplanet'. Econet has many conferences, too numerous to mention here. Here are two examples - last summer (1990) we followed closely the 'Redwood Summer' rallies organized by Earth First! in the N.California area, to save the last old-growth redwoods. Last fall, Econet had 'live' dispatches direct from Geneva during the Second World Conf. on Climate Change. See the next section for information about a new 'Save the Planet' user's conference on Econet. Most users can access Econet through Telenet local phone numbers to avoid paying long-distance charges. Sign up fee is $25 for the first month (includes 2 free hrs. usage). After that, the minimum is $10 per month for the first hour, then only $5 per hour. To join, print the Econet sign-up form, listed in this same section of the program. To talk to a live person about Econet, call them at (415)923-0900. 2. ENVIRONET - This board is sponsored by Greenpeace. Conferences on toxics, disarmament, forests, energy, and more. Greenpeace's press releases are posted daily, and Greenpeace USA newsletter each week. Twice a month reports come in from Greenpeace's Antarctica base! There is no charge for Environet, but you will pay long-distance charges if you live outside the San Francisco Bay area. You may register online, then you'll get a password in a day or so. On line 24 hrs: 300, 1200, 2400 baud. Access number is (415)861-6503. Sysop: Dick Dillman 3. EARTH-NET (New York) - This privately-sponsored green board gets 25/30 calls a day. No fee for usage. Access (516)321-4898, voice (516)669-0138. Sysop: Byron 4. TURBOLINK (North Carolina) - This privately-sponsored board is hosted by Alan Rothberg, a STP registered user. Turbolink specializes in environmental information. Parameters are 2400 8/N/1. No fee. Access (919)434-8664. 5. RUECK ASSOCIATES (Kansas) - This privately-sponsored board is hosted by Jon Rueck, a certified Environmental Engineer and a registered STP user. John is in the Environmental Engineering business. Parameters are 300,1200,2400 baud, 8/N/1, no fee. Access (913)582-4636. 6. EARTHNET (Hawaii) - This appears to be a for-profit commercial board. Seems fairly expensive...$15 per month plus $5 per hour, plus they want you to buy special software for another $75. Call (800)223-7592 for more information. 7. RTKnet - The 'Right to Know' network is an experimental telecom service started by OMB Watch in 1989 to encourage environmental groups' use of the Toxic Release Inventory collected under the Community Right to Know Act of 1986. OMB Watch and Unison Institute are undertaking a joint project to expand the original experiment to a larger pilot phase by providing online access of the entire TRI database and other related data to roughly 200 people concerned about toxics issues. Conferences and e-mail also supported. If you are interested in being a pilot project participant, write to: OMB Watch/Unison Institute 1731 Connecticut Ave. NW Washington, DC 20009 (202)234-8494 ***@CARDo@4"5'd "):6 n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization6. STP's Econet Conference We thought it was about time we started a 'Save the Planet user's Conference'. We have the OK from Econet to set this up, by the time you read this it should be online. We envision that users will be able to tell about ways they use Save the Planet, offer information and suggestions for future versions, and report any bugs. As the authors, we will be able to post suggestions for more effective use of STP. We also hope to have a Canadian section for our Canadian users. Other conference topics may include brainstorming about better ways to use computers to help improve our environmental mess. If you are thinking about joining Econet, this should be one more reason...print out the Econet sign up form listed in this section. ***`CARDB"5'd "):6 n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "join" end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Join an Environmental Organization7. Econet Registration Form ECONET REGISTRATION FORM For a one-time $15 signup fee, you receive a user manual, your private account and password, and one free hour of off-peak connect time during your first month. A monthly subscription of $10 includes an hour of off-peak connect time each month. Additional connect time is charged at $5/hr in off-peak hours and $10 for peak hours. Yes, open my EcoNet account. Send my manual, login ID & password to: Name __________________________________________ Telephone ___________________ Address ______________________________________________________ City, State ZIP ______________________________________________ Referred by:(saveplanet), Account Billing Method: (circle #1 or #2) 1. I prefer to have my credit card charged automatically and to receive a statement of charges each month (no deposit required). ____________________________ ___________ _______________________________ Visa/MC card number Expir. Date Name on card if different from above 2. I prefer to be billed each month. My required $50 deposit is enclosed. I understand that this deposit is fully refundable should I close my account. Mail to: EcoNet, 3228 Sacramento St.,San Francisco, CA 94115, (415)923-0900 ***joinlCARDH5@G.zl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp p9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "energyl" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Save Energy: Home, Car, Work$1. Save Electricity for Cleaner Air, The largest portion of electricity in the United States is produced by burning coal. Coal combustion also creates the largest amount of CO2 per energy unit of any fossil fuel. The sulfur in coal is converted to SO2, sulfur dioxide, when coal is burned, which is the primary cause of acid rain. Coal and oil together represent 80% of the U.S. fuel supply used to generate electricity. When we reduce electric power use, we save money, breathe cleaner air, and help to reduce the global warming problem. Every kilowatt-hour of electricity saved keeps 1.5 to 2 pounds of CO2 out of the atmosphere. Americans waste more energy than any other nation. It's time to make our lives, factories, and homes more efficient. Be looking for ways you can save electricity and energy at home and at work. *** energy`CARDG, n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Save Energy: Home, Car, Work"2. Use Compact Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent lighting uses only 1/3 to 1/4 the energy of conventional incandescent light bulbs. A new type of fluorescent bulb, the "compact fluorescent bulb" has a screw-in base and can be used to replace standard light bulbs. These bulbs are expensive ($7 to $40 each), but they actually save you money because they last about 10,000 hours instead of the standard 1,000 hours, and a 16 watt unit gives as much light as a 60 standard incandescent. Where we live, electricity costs 7.4 cents per kilowatt-hour, so each bulb will save $28 worth of electricity (and 800 pounds of CO2) during its lifetime. Not bad for a $12 investment! The new compact bulbs have a soft 'warm white' color similar to standard incandescents. Compact fluorescent bulbs are becoming more popular, but they are still a bit hard to find, check the larger hardware stores, home supply outlets, or specialty lighting stores. Venture and WalMart discount stores carry a few. Manufacturers of compact fluorescents: Eco-Light, General Electric, Lights of America, Philips, Satco, and Sylvania. If you can't find these bulbs locally, here are three mail order sources: Real Goods 966 Mazzoni St. Ukiah, CA 95482 1-800-762-7325 White Electric Co P.O. Box 11276 Berkeley, CA 94701 1-800-4NU-BULB Seventh Generation Colchester, VT 05446-1672 1-800-467-1177 More lighting ideas: - Don't forget the standard long fluorescent fixtures if you are remodeling your kitchen or shop area. They too are energy savers. - You can't use fluorescent bulbs in sockets that have dimmer controls on them, as the dimmer circuits are not compatible with the electronic ballasts in the new bulbs. - If you are an architect, lighting designer, or interior planner, be sure to take advantage of NRDC's Seattle Lighting Design Lab, to help you plan your next commercial lighting project. The Lighting Lab was created to help lighting professionals discover the energy-efficient possibilities of modern lighting. Lab staff members work one-on-one with clients to develop lighting strategies suited to specific projects. The Lighting Lab includes 10 rooms of demonstrations and a computer modeling laboratory. The services of the lab are free. Contact them at 400 E. Pine St., Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98122, (206) 325-9711. One encouraging example of how conservation-oriented private investment firms can help reduce pollution was announced by Colorado Gov. Roy Romer recently. The State of Colorado has signed a 5-year contract with Conserve-A-Watt Lighting, a private Denver firm, to upgrade to compact fluorescent bulbs in the State Capitol and Centennial office buildings. The project is funded with $150,000 from Conserve-A-Watt, and the firm will install and maintain over 880 compact fluorescent bulbs, and 2500 fluorescent fixtures. During the 5 years, the bulbs save enough to give the state 8% of the savings, while the rest goes to Conserve-A-Watt to repay principal and generate a profit for them. After 5 years, the State of Colorado owns the new lighting equipment. During the lifetime of the bulbs, over 700 tons CO2 and 4 tons SO2 emissions will have been avoided! ***CARDG,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Save Energy: Home, Car, Work3. Reduce Hot Water Energy Use Energy to heat water accounts for about 20% of the average household's energy budget. Most water is heated with electricity or gas, which is a shame when pollution-free solar water heaters are economical and practical in most parts of the U.S. Even without the energy tax credits of the 1970's, it is worth checking out solar hot water heaters. If you have an electric or gas model, here are some ways to make your system more efficient: - Be sure the thermostat is set no higher than 130 or 135 degrees F. - Install a timer to allow heating only during the hours when you wash and bathe. There is no need to keep all the water in the tank at 130 degrees all night long. Timers are available for both electric and gas models. - Insulate the tank with a fiberglass blanket and wrap the hot water piping. - The less hot water you use, the less you have to heat, saving CO2 emissions and money. Install "low flow aerators" in your sink faucets, and a "low flow showerhead" for your shower. These gadgets only cost a few dollars each and offer big paybacks on your utility bills - check your hardware store or plumbing shop. - When your old water heater dies, replace it with the most efficient model. It will cost more initially, but will save you a lot of money and energy in the long run. - Wash clothes using cold or lukewarm water, and use a clothesline to dry your clothes - clothes dryers use lots of electricity or gas. ***CARDoG,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Save Energy: Home, Car, Work&4. Cut Home Heating and Cooling Bills There are many ways to reduce your home's heating and cooling energy requirements: - Plant several deciduous trees on the south side of your house, where they can give shade during the hot summer months. By the time winter comes, they will have dropped their leaves, letting the winter sun warm your house. - Replace your present thermostat with a 'time of day' model. These programmable thermostats allow you to keep the heat low during the night and still have it toasty warm when you get up in the morning. They can also reduce the heat during the day when no one is home. Units cost about $40 to $60, but will pay for themselves in the first heating season. - Caulk cracks around windows, foundations, doors, and where pipes or conduits enter through the wall. Use a high quality caulk that won't dry out or shrink. - Add insulation to your attic, and be sure there is adequate insulation in the walls. - Windows allow a lot of heat to escape, even if you have double pane windows. The best solution is to install insulating shades, that seal tightly around the window molding and can be drawn each night. Two of the popular brands are 'Warm Windows' and 'Window Quilts'. ***@CARDZG0p; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "energy" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Save Energy: Home, Car, Work!5. Use Your Car More Efficientlyy If you can't afford to buy a new fuel-efficient car in the next few years, consider selling (or junking!) your gas guzzler and buying a smaller, efficient used car. Besides saving money on gas, oil, tires, parts, and repairs, you can help reduce greenhouse gases. No matter what type of car you drive, be sure to operate it efficiently: - Keep the car tuned up, and keep the tires fully inflated. - Carpool to work, or ride the bus. - Avoid jackrabbit starts. Try to cruise at a steady speed. When driving in the city, anticipate red lights and take your foot off the gas and coast up to an intersection. - When shopping, call ahead and make sure the store has what you want - don't waste a trip. Combine several errands and plan the shortest route. - Walk or ride your bike for short errands in the neighborhood. - NEVER let your car idle for more than 60 seconds. Why waste gas and pollute the air needlessly? Unless it is extremely cold, a 10 to 15 second warmup is all that is needed to build safe oil pressure. In New York City you can get a ticket for letting your car idle for more than 3 minutes! - Auto air conditioners use a lot of energy that reduces gas mileage, and they are this country's largest single source of ozone destroying CFCs. If you don't really need your car's air conditioner, consider taking it to a dealer that recycles CFCs, and have the CFCs removed and then disconnect the compressor. Otherwise, keep your air conditioner fittings tight and in good repair and only run the unit when it is really needed. - Park and walk - don't use 'drive thru' lanes at the bank or hamburger stand. ***energylCARD'@&RrRj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp A Message From the AuthorsN Many world leaders today are saying global warming will be the most important issue facing mankind in this last decade of the 20th century. We agree. In the 'Save the Planet' program, we have brought together in one convenient package, the facts and resources concerned world citizens need to understand and solve the greenhouse/ozone problems. 'Save the Planet' is an integrated program, with 5 major parts: 1. The Tutorial sections help you, your family and friends quickly understand the problems created by greenhouse gases and ozone depletion. 2. The Action sections provide you with a comprehensive set of resources, allowing you to take direct, personal action. 3. The Bibliography and Recommended Reading sections provide references for in-depth studies of the issues. 4. 'Write to Washington' is a handy built-in data base for those letters to your elected officials in Washington. Their names and addresses are included and automatically appear along with your return address, date, and salutation. You save valuable time by writing only the body of your letter. 5. 'Global Roulette' is a simulation-based game where you experiment with scenarios involving the degree of global warming and the ability of society to deal with the problem. 'Save the Planet' is a shareware product. If you are new to the shareware concept, this means that, while the program is copyrighted, and we, the authors retain rights to it, you are free to make copies of this program to give to your friends at your school, club, or workplace. Exchanging environmental information on computer disks via shareware is ecologically sound. A single floppy disk holds as much information as a 120 page book, costs less than a dollar to copy, saves trees for the important job of removing CO2, and can be instantly 'recycled' for other uses and data by anyone who has a computer. If you or your friends make use of 'Save the Planet', PLEASE REGISTER YOUR COPY with us and we will send you the next TWO major updates, expanded and revised, scheduled for release in early 1992, and in 1993 (after the 1992 elections). [Starting with the 1992 update, we will be producing the STP stack using the new version 2.0 of HyperCard, so plan on upgrading your HyperCard software during 1991.] Compiling information on climate change, developing programs, and distributing software is expensive. We need your financial support to continue this important work. Please help us by sending your registration fee today! A portion of all registration fees is used to support rainforest protection efforts. Environmental shareware permits concerned people to act now, at a local, grass-roots level. The real solutions to global warming are going to come from ordinary people like ourselves as we make lifestyle changes, save energy, recycle, plant trees, and build a strong consensus to force stronger environmental policies at the local, state, national, and world government levels. We want to thank all of you who registered during 1990, STP's first year. Much has happened since our first PC release in March 1990. We have now released a Macintosh version, and the new 1991 versions are larger, better, and have more features. We work closely with many environmental groups, distributing STP's vital information in exciting new ways, and are looking for a suitable commercial publisher in the retail market. As debates on the greenhouse effect continue this year, you will undoubtedly hear the many 'experts' come up with arguments as to why we should wait, and not act today to begin to solve this huge problem. We ask you to study the data in this program, gather information from other sources, keep track of the ozone hole situation, think about the weather changes where you live, and then do what you feel is right. Good luck! January 1991 Roger & Kathy Cox --- P.S. Our legal department requested we add the following disclaimer: The information contained in this program is intended for educational use. By providing it, the authors are not rendering technical, legal, or financial advice. We believe the information to be accurate, but cannot make any guarantees or assume any responsibility for its use. If you find obvious errors or bugs in this program, please write us - we would like to know about them, so we can improve future versions. *** auth CARD?F@>. l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp p9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "weatherl" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Warming Effects: Weather and Crops1. Frightening Predictions The northern hemisphere contains more land area than the southern hemisphere, and conversely, a lower percentage of the world's oceans. Since oceans absorb more heat than land areas, it is not surprising that most climate models predict faster heating over the northern hemisphere than the global average. In addition, the models predict faster temperature increases at the higher latitudes. North America has long been the breadbasket of the world, with a climate that made high yields of grains possible. The situation may soon change. If global warming trends continue, high temperatures everywhere in the US and reduced moisture in some parts of the country may combine to reduce US agricultural productivity to the point where the US can no longer export food. Besides the loss of a large export market for the US and Canada, countries now receiving grain shipments will surely suffer. While most climate models have focused on the temperature question, S. Manabe and R. T. Wetharld, using a 3-dimensional atmosphere model coupled with a simple mixed-layer ocean model ran a simulation at the NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The model generated estimates of the percentage change in summer soil moisture levels for the entire world. The results are summarized for Senate testimony [Senate Comm: Energy & Nat. Resources,11/9/87], and have been reproduced in Dean Abramamson's book, 'The Challenge of Global Warming'. The GFDL model predicts that few areas in the northern hemisphere will receive more moisture - only the Indian/Southeast Asian peninsulas, and a couple of areas in northern Siberia. The rest of the continental areas are projected to have drier summer soils, due in part to earlier snowmelts in the spring, and hotter, more cloudless summers, causing extra evaporation of ground moisture. Levels of soil moisture reduction are shown below for the areas of Pittsburgh, Omaha, Wichita, and Spokane. These moisture reductions will severely impact crop yields. But this is only one computer model's prediction. Kellogg and Zhao compared the GFDL estimates with 4 global circulation model runs from various research groups and found all 5 agreed that moisture would drop in the Omaha area, and 3 or 4 models agreed reductions would occur in the other three cities.[Sensitivity of Soil Moisture...,Kellog et al., Journal of Climate 1:4,348-366] The models had the greatest disagreement in the California and Gulf Coast areas, with some predicting more moisture, and others less. This is understandable, for the current models do not accurately estimate the ocean's effects on heat transfer, and sea currents. Better models are needed to accurately predict moisture levels in coastal areas. ***weatherCARD<@;Y,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Warming Effects: Weather and Crops#2. Low River Flow, Low Lake Levels7 If the inland areas of the northern hemisphere are expected to receive less moisture, then it follows that lake and river levels will be lower. Some reports predict the level of the Great Lakes will drop between 2 and 8 feet from historical levels. River flows in the western US may be very vulnerable to increased temperatures expected as result of the greenhouse effect. A study by Stockton and Boggess, from the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, looked at the greenhouse scenario of a 3.6 degree F temperature rise, coupled with only a 10% decrease in precipitation.[Geohydrological implications of climate change on water resource development, 1979] The study identified 7 areas in the western US, where river flows would be cut by 40 to 76 percent under the above scenario. A partial listing of results for the Missouri, Rio Grande, Lower Colorado rivers, as well as a composite figure for rivers in California, is given in the graph on the right. These results were obtained using empirical (derived from actual data) relationships found to exist between historic river flows, seasonal average temperatures, and seasonal average precipitation levels. Apparently, the historic relationships show that in relatively dry areas, river runoff is much more sensitive to temperature than to precipitation levels. ***CARDD>,rn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Warming Effects: Weather and Crops 3. Corn, Soybean Yields to Drop! Corn crop yields, especially vulnerable to extreme hot weather, are the subject of EPA studies quoted in Schneider's book.[Global Warming, Schneider,Sierra Books,1989] The heat in the southern states, such as Georgia, Tennessee and North Carolina could cut corn harvests by more than half, while states in our nation's midsection (Kansas and Nebraska) could see 30 percent lower corn yields. EPA studies also show lower yields for soybeans. Schneider believes that the cornbelt will eventually shift to the northern US and into Canada. *** @CARD>0p; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "weather" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Warming Effects: Weather and Crops%4. Summer of 1988 - Drought and Heat[ The summer of 1988 could be a sample of the kind of weather the US may be seeing on a more consistent basis: Water rationing in California. Massive forest fires in Montana (Yellowstone) and all over the western US. Barge traffic stranded on the Mississippi River. Record high temperatures in many cities causing heat-related deaths. Widespread crop failures - a major federal drought relief program. While the US suffered from a dry, hot summer, the worst flooding in memory occurred in Bangladesh. (One of the few areas projected by the GFDL model to receive higher rainfall.) ***weatherlCARD9@8.np9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "extinctl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Extinction of Plants, Animals, Man?1. Man Adapts and Survives" The human race, will no doubt survive on a planet that is ultimately 5 or 10 degrees F warmer. The level of world population that can be supported under these new conditions may not be as high as the current 5.3 billion. The relatively rich nations will have a much easier time adapting to climate change, while the less developed countries have fewer resources to pursue strategies for adaption. For example, a well-to-do country can afford efficient energy system conversions, flood protection projects, new water distribution systems, irrigation equipment, and additional fertilizers, while many of these options are not open to poorer nations. Truly international cooperation will be necessary to prevent widespread famine and other hardships created by global warming climate changes. ***extinct CARD8,l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Extinction of Plants, Animals, Man?2. Nature Suffers Mostb While man adapts to a changing climate he has created, the natural world will suffer great losses. It has been estimated that for each Fahrenheit degree of global warming, temperature zones will move northward (in the northern hemisphere) about 50 miles.[Challenge of Global Warming,Abrahamson,Island Press, 1989] Just as it will not be possible to grow certain domestic crops like corn in the mid and southern sections of the US, wild species of plants and animals at a given latitude will have to move northward, if they are to survive. 'Making the move' presents unique problems for both native plants and wild animals. Plants can only migrate at a rate determined by the area size where they disperse their seeds and the reproductive cycle of an individual plant. If the climate zone necessary for life is moving faster that one generation of trees can spread its seeds, that type of tree will not survive the radical move northward. For both plants and animals, there is the additional problem of barriers to cross during a move. These can be both natural, such as rivers, canyons, lakes, or they may be manmade, such as metropolitan areas, or large sections of irrigated, cultivated agricultural land. Wild animals have to compete with domestic cattle and sheep on open range land, and may be forced into areas that have already been changed by man to such an extent that there is no place for them to live, and no food supply. Because national parks and wildlife refuges have fixed boundaries that will not move, animals in these ecosystems will surely suffer if they attempt to migrate outside the protected boundaries. The oceans' coral reefs may be dying as a result of warmer seas. According to the Washington Post, Oct. 12, 1990, when coral is exposed to warmer water, a 'bleaching' action occurs. The bleaching is the result of the loss of an algae inside the coral polyps. Without the symbiotic relationship of the algae, the coral becomes weak and dies. 'Bleaching' reports used to be rare and isolated, but major episodes of bleaching have occured on many reefs at several times during the 1980's. ***CARD#"Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp @CARD8,l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp !Population Growth Damages Planet&3. Overloading Earth's Support Systemq The human species is endowed with more brainpower and creativity than any of our animal neighbors on the planet. These intellectual powers, through the use of technology, have allowed mankind to adapt to and actively change his environment. Technology is partly responsible for explosive population growth and primarily responsible for the resulting damage to Earth's resources. While animal energy requirements are limited to the consumption of food derived directly from biological systems, man in the early 1700's learned how to exploit coal deposits to supplement the energy resources already obtained from agriculture and the forests. As can be seen from the graph on the previous card, the industrial revolution coincided with the extreme human population explosion we now experience. Population growth then accelerated as oil and gas fuels were exploited for mankind's use. Thus a clear link exists between the problems of global warming and overpopulation - this can be seen simply by studying the historical CO2, methane, and population curves in this program. The problem we now face is too many people on Earth, who are using technologies that are destructive for the long term health of the global biosphere. Exponential growth of anything (population, deforestation, oil consumption, national debt?) cannot continue forever on a finite size planet! ***CARD8,Ll; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp !Population Growth Damages Planet!4. Sustainable Population Levels How many people can Earth support? No one knows the answer to this question. There are many factors that must be considered: 1. How much habitat do we want to set aside on the planet for other life forms? For example, if man destroys all the rainforests, he will cause the extinction of nearly half the species of life on Earth - a great loss of biodiversity. 2. What standard of living does man want for himself? How equally will wealth be distributed world-wide to meet these living standards? 3. To what extent does mankind want to depend on natural biological life-support systems versus artificial, technological ones? 4. How many other social problems - crime, drug use, health care, traffic congestion, lack of housing, etc. - would be eased if the human race finally got serious about controlling its numbers? 5. Does modern man really understand what the word 'sustainable' means? American Indians used to 'look ahead seven generations' when they made decisions affecting the future. ***@CARD80p; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "extinct" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp !Population Growth Damages Planet5. Dealing with Overpopulationx OK, if overpopulation is the root cause of most environmental problems, how do we go about halting population growth? Paul and Ann Ehrlich, America's most prestigious population experts offer many suggestions in their excellent new book, "Population Explosion". [The Population Explosion, Paul & Anne Ehrlich, Simon and Schuster,1990] Here are a few: 1. Write your elected officials. Tell them that overpopulation is a serious problem. Mention specific population related problems found in your area - air quality, traffic, crime, lack of health services, etc. 2. Talk about the overpopulation issue with friends, family, co-workers, members of your church group. This topic may not be easy to discuss at first, since population growth is closely linked to long-held religious, cultural, and sexual beliefs. 3. Support efforts in developing countries to improve the education and social status of women. 4. Join a group working to solve the population problem. 5. Stop at two! Have no more than two children, and urge your children to do the same. "The population/resource/environment predicament was created by human actions, and it can be solved by human actions. All that is required is the political and societal will. The good news is that, when the time is ripe, society can change its attitudes and behavior rapidly." - Anne and Paul Ehrlich ***extinctl CARD6O@58l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "seal" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp &Oceans, Icecaps and Rising Sea Levels#1. How Fast Will Sea Levels Rise?  When many people think of global warming, their first concern is the possible rise of sea levels. With a large number of the world's cities in coastal areas, this is a very real problem. There are two major causes of rising sea levels. First, extra water is produced when the ice melts. A second cause is the natural expansion of sea water as it becomes warmer. Nimbus 5 and 7 satellite data, analyzed over the last 15 years, shows that the range of sea ice around both poles continues to shrink, as it melts.[Scientific American, p.20, Jan 1989] In 'The Challenge of Global Warming', Abrahamson suggests that even with the level of greenhouse gases present today, the earth may warm enough in the next 50 years or so to completely melt the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean! While estimates of global warming vary by a factor of 2 for a given level of greenhouse gases, sea level estimates by different researchers show a much wider variation. The estimation problem goes back to our lack of understanding of global ocean dynamics, with added complications of understanding how various forms of ice are deposited, melted, and redistributed. It would, of course, help the sea-level researchers if they knew exactly how much warming to expect, and when to expect it. But estimates are estimates, and the one shown below, made by the EPA in 1983 is probably reasonable.[Projecting Future Sea Level Rise;Hoffman,Keyes,Titus,GPO,1983] It is also important to realize that the elevations of various costal land areas are rising and sinking due to geological factors. Thus the sea level in Sitka, Alaska appears to be falling, while in Galveston, Texas, local sea level is rising much faster than the global average. ***sea`CARD58,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp &Oceans, Icecaps and Rising Sea Levels2. Damage Due to Rising Levels Damage from rising seas takes on many forms. Buildings and roads close to the water eventually will be flooded. These structures are also prone to damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. As the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks. Wetlands are lost as sea levels rise. In areas where dikes and walls are erected to protect populated areas, many of today's wetlands may disappear altogether, trapped by the sea on one side and civilization on the other. Another serious problem is the threat of salt water intruding into fresh water aquifers in coastal areas. Many cities depend on these water sources. ***CARD!._Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp @BMAP!.V7*****$0 $@P $ $ ##Ѐ@Ѐ@ 0Ѐ`Ppp x@e e ee0 s5@@ BpB0 B"(p0c?7pCARD58,,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp &Oceans, Icecaps and Rising Sea Levels"3. Floods Threaten many Countries The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, released in 1990, said that if CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions continue increasing at present rates, the costal plains of Bangladesh and the Netherlands will flood by the year 2100. The small island nation of Maldives would completely disappear. This would happen if only a two foot increase in sea level were to occur. Other nations at risk: Egypt (Nile valley), Gambia, Pakistan, and Thailand. ***`CARD58,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp &Oceans, Icecaps and Rising Sea Levels4. Summary of 1986 EPA Report A summary of some key points made in the EPA's 1986 publication, 'Effects on Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate', Volume 1: Global sea levels have risen 4 to 6 inches in the last 100 years, consistent with the measured average global temperature rises. Projected global warming by the year 2025 could cause additional rises of 4 to 8 inches. A large fraction of the world's coastal wetlands may be at risk. If they are lost, fisheries will suffer. Sea level rises will increase costs of flood protection, flood recovery and insurance in coastal areas. Designers of coastal protection structures should plan for higher sea levels now. ***CARD 58,l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "sea" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp &Oceans, Icecaps and Rising Sea Levels5. More Severe Hurricanes? Stephen Schneider of the National Center for Atmospheric Research notes in his book, "There are good physical reasons to suggest that more intense storms (hurricanes) could result from global warming."[Global Warming,Schneider,Sierra Books,1989] Warmer oceans cause more intense storms. Hurricanes Gilbert in 1988 and Hugo in 1989 certainly caused considerable damage. According to the National Hurricane Center in Miami, the 1990 season was the most active year on record for combined Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes. Damage inflicted by future hurricanes to populated areas will be additionally intensified as a result of higher sea levels predicted for the next century. ***seal CARD3@2* l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "bibl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Recommended Reading & Bibliography1. Recommended Reading List E RECOMMENDED READING ------------------- The size and complexity of the global warming & ozone depletion issues may seem overwhelming at first. We recommend the following books and magazines as good introductions to the subject: BOOKS --- Global Warming - Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century?, Stephen H. Schneider, Sierra Club Books 1989. (address: 730 Polk St., San Francisco, CA 94109) --- Hothouse Earth, John R. Gribbin, Grove Weidenfeld, 1990 --- Least-Cost Energy: Solving the CO2 Problem, Lovins et al., Rocky Mountain Institute, 1989. (address: 1739 Snowmass Creek Road, Snowmass, CO 81654) --- Ozone Crisis - The 15 Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency, Sharon L. Roan, John Wiley & Sons, Wiley Science Editions, 1989. --- The Challenge of Global Warming, Dean E. Abrahamson, editor, Island Press, 1989. (address: 1718 Connecticut Ave.,NW Suite 300, Washington DC 20009 tel: 1-800-828-1302) --- The Population Explosion, Paul & Anne Ehrlich, Simon & Schuster, 1990 --- 50 Things You Can Do to Save the Earth, Earthworks Group, Earthworks Press, 1989. (address: Box 25 - 1400 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, CA 94709; this book is a standard stocked item in Walden Bookstores) --- MAGAZINE ARTICLES --- Energy for Planet Earth, special Scientific American issue devoted entirely to Energy topics, pp 54-184, September 1990. (reprints available for $3.95 plus $1.00 shipping, order from Scientific American, Dept EPE, 415 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017) --- Global Climatic Change, Richard A. Houghton & George M. Woodwell, Scientific American, pp36-44, v260.4, April 1989. --- Global Warming: Special Report, Bette Hileman, Chemical & Engineering News, pp25-44, March 13, 1989. (reprints available for $5, address: Chem & Engr News, Distribution Room 200, American Chemical Society, 1155 - 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036) --- Highest Disregard, Denis Hayes, Mother Jones, pp33-48, December 1989. --- Nature Under Glass, James R. Udall, Sierra, pp34-40, July/August 1989. --- Playing Dice With Earth's Climate, pp51-58, August 1989, Inside The Greenhouse, pp63-70, September 1989 Saving the Planet, pp51-91, October 1989, all three articles by Arthur Fisher, Popular Science, special 3 installment report on global warming. --- ReLeaf for Global Warming, R. Neil Sampson, pp9-13, American Forests, November/December 1989. (reprints are available from: American Forestry Association, 1516 P St. NW, Washington, DC 20005) ***bib`CARD B ,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Recommended Reading & Bibliography%2. A - C (bibliography by author) Bibliography notes: 1. Check 1990 version of STP for more items, some older items were ommited from this list. 2. The next few screens contain articles that did not give the author's name. ---- The LUZ technologies revisited 1990 IEEE Power Engineering Review June, 1990 p18-20 ---- Focus on survival of the planet 1989 UN Chronicle June 1989 p70-71 ---- Planet of the year 1989 Time Jan. 2, 1989 ---- Rough justice in the greenhouse 1989 Newsweek Dec. 18, 1989 p65 ---- State of the world population-1989 1989 UN Chronicle Sept. 1989 p72-73 ---- World-wide population meeting to be called in 1994 1989 UN Chronicle June 1989 p68-69 ---- Tropics, far north to be hit hardest by global warming 1988 International Wildlife Sept./Oct. 1988 p29 v18 ---- An icy warning of a global warming? 1987 Newsweek Dec. 28, 1987 p65 v110 ---- Our common future - world commission on environment and development 1987 Oxford University Press Oxford - New York 383 p. ---- Photovoltaics for commercial solar power applications 1986 The International Society for Optical Engineering Bellingham, WA 109 p. ---- Abrahamson, Dean Edwin The challenge of global warming 1989 Island Press Washington, D.C. 358 p. ---- Adams, Richard M., et al. Global climate change and US agriculture 1990 Nature May 17, 1990 p219-224 v345,n6272 ---- Anderson, B. Christopher Global warming - majority verdict on temperature rise 1990 Nature May 10, 1990 p103 v345 ---- Anderson, G. Christopher Towards a 2 degree centigrade concensus 1990 Nature Feb. 1, 1990 p401 v343, n6257 ---- Ashley, Steven New life for solar 1989 Popular Science May, 1989 p117-157 ---- Atkinson, Roger J., et al. Evidence of mid-latitude impact of Antarctic ozone depletion 1989 Nature July 27, 1989 p290-294 v340 ---- Aubrecht, G. J. Trace gases, CO2, climate and the greenhouse effect 1988 Physics Teacher Mar. 1988 p145-152 v26 ---- Baca, David R. Selected bibliography on ozone and flurocarbons 1989 Vance Bibliographies Monticello, IL 19 p. ---- Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D. et al. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2 1987 Nature 1987 p408-414 v329 ---- Barnwell, George Your contribution to global warming 1990 National Wildlife Feb./Mar. 1990 p53 v28,n2 ---- Barth, M. C. and Titus, J. G. Greenhouse effect and sea leval rise-a challenge for this generation 1984 Van Nostrand Reinhold New York, NY ---- Begley, Sharon Pollution knows no boundaries 1990 National Wildlife Feb./Mar. 1990 p34-43 v28,n2 ---- Bevington, Rick and Rosenfeld, Arthur H. Energy for buildings and homes 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p76-86 v263,n3 ---- Bleviss, Deborah L. and Walzer, Peter Energy for motor vehicles 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p102-109 v263,n3 ---- Bleviss, Deborah Lynn The new oil crisis and fuel economy technologies 1988 Quorum Books-Greenwood Press, Inc. Westport, CT 268 p. ---- Broecker, W. S. The biggest chill, when ocean currents shifted, Europe suddenly got cold 1987 Natural History Oct. 1987 p74-80 v96 ---- Broecker, W. S. Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse? 1987 Nature July 9, 1987 p123-126 v328 ---- Broecker, Wallace S. and Denton, George H. What drives glacial cycles? 1990 Scientific American Jan. 1990 p49-56 ---- Brown, Lester R., et al. State of the world 1990 W.W. Norton & Company New York, NY 253 p. ---- Brune, William H. Ozone the case against - crisis: chlorofluorocarbons 1990 Weatherwise June, 1990 p136-143 v43,n3 ---- Budyko, M. I. The earth's climate, past and future 1982 Academic Press 307 p. ---- Carpenter, Betsy Greenhouse redesign 1990 U.S. News & World Report June 18, 1990 p47-48 v108,n24 ---- Chandler, William U., Makarov, Alexei A. and Dadi Zhou Energy for the USSR, Eastern Europe and China 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p120-127 v263,n3 ---- Chiles, James R. Tomorrow's energy today 1990 Audubon Jan. 1990 p60-72 ---- Cicerone, R. J. Greenhouse effect-methane linked to warming 1988 Nature July 21, 1988 p198 v334 ---- Claiborne, Carol Can we fix the ozone hole? 1990 National Wildlife Feb./Mar. 1990 p42 v28,n2 ---- Cogan, Douglas G. Stones in a glass house-CFCs and ozone depletion 1988 Investor Responsibility Research Center Inc. Washington, D.C. 147 p. ---- Covault, Craig Mission to planet earth-Major space effort mobilized to blunt environment 1989 Aviation Week & Space Technology Mar. 13, 1989 p35-44 ---- Covault, Craig Mission to planet earth-New earth observing platforms to study global 1989 Aviation Week & Space Technology Mar. 13, 1989 p46-50 ---- Cruver, Philip C. Hydrogen-tomorrow's limitless power source 1989 The Futurist Nov./Dec. 1989 p24-26 v23,n6 *** CARDB ,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Recommended Reading & Bibliography&3. D - H (bibliography by author) ---- Davis, Ged R. Energy for planet earth 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p54-62 v263,n3 ---- Dickinson, Robert E.; Cicerone, Ralph J. Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases 1986 Nature Jan. 9, 1986 p109-115 v319 ---- Dotto, Lydia and Schiff, Harold The ozone war 1978 Doubleday New York, NY ---- Easterbrook, Gregg The environment-Cleaning up our mess-special report 1989 Newsweek July 24, 1989 p26-42 ---- Ehrlich, Paul and Ehrlich, Anne The population explosion 1990 Simon and Schuster New York, NY ---- Ehrlich, Paul R. The population bomb 1971 Ballantine Books New York, NY 201 p. ---- Ehrlich, Paul R. and Anne H. Population, plenty and poverty 1988 National Geographic Dec. 1988 p914-945 v174,n6 ---- Ellis, William S. Rondonia-Brazil's imperiled rain forest 1988 National Geographic Dec. 1988 772-799 v174,n6 ---- Ezzell, Carol Global warming-row in the Senate over altered testimony 1989 Nature May 11, 1989 p84 v339 ---- Farman, J. C.; Gardiner, B. G.; Shanklin, J. D. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal CIOx/NOx intera 1985 Nature 1985 p207-210 v315 ---- Fickett, Arnold P., Gellings, Clark W. and Lovins, Amory B. Efficient use of electricity 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p64-74 v263,n3 ---- Fisher, Arthur Global warming-inside the greenhouse 1989 Popular Science Sept. 1989 p63-70 v235 ---- Fisher, Arthur Global warming-playing dice with earth's climate 1989 Popular Science Aug. 1989 p51-58 v235 ---- Fisher, Arthur Global warming-saving the planet 1989 Popular Science Oct. 1989 p51-98 v235 ---- Fisher, Donald A., et al. Model calc. of relative effects of CFCs and their replacements on global 1990 Nature Apr. 5, 1990 p513-516 v344 ---- Flamsteed, Sam Ozone ups and downs 1990 Discover Jan., 1990 p33 ---- Flavin, Christopher Slowing global warming 1990 Environmental Science & Technology Feb. 1990 p170-171 v24 ---- Gleick, P. H. Regional hydrologic consequences of increases in atmospheric CO2 and othe 1987 Climatic Change Apr. 1987 p137-160 v10 ---- Gradwohl, Judith Saving the tropical forests 1988 Island Press Washington, D.C. 214 p. ---- Graedel, Thomas E. Regional and Global impacts on the biosphere 1989 Environment Jan./Feb. 1989 p8-41 v31,n1 ---- Gribbin, J. Britain shivers in the global greenhouse 1988 New Scientist June 9, 1988 p42-43 v118 ---- Gribbin, John R. Hothouse earth 1990 Grove Weidenfeld New York, NY 272 p. ---- Grosvenor, Gilbert M. Will we mend our earth? 1988 National Geographic Dec. 1988 p766-771 v174,n6 ---- Hair, Jay D. We must halt global warming 1988 National Wildlife Aug./Sept. 1988 p26 v26 ---- Hansen, J. and Lebedeff S. Global trends of measured surface air tempertures 1987 Journal of Geophysical Research p13345-13372 v92 ---- Hansen, J., et al. Climate responses times-dependence on climate sensitivity and ocean mixin 1985 Science Aug. 30, 1985 p857-859 v229 ---- Hayes. Denis Highest disregard 1989 Mother Jones Dec. 1989 p33-48 ---- Henderson, Breck W. U.S. scientists, aircraft study ozone depletion above Arctic 1989 Aviation Week & Space Technology Jan. 16, 1989 p45 v130 ---- Hileman, Bette Better global warming forecasts recommended 1989 Chemical & Engineering News June 19,1989 p33-35 v67 ---- Hileman, Bette Global warming - special report 1989 Chemical & Engineering News March 13,1989 p25-44 v67 ---- Hoffman, J. S., Keyes, D. & Titus, J. G. Projecting future sea level rise-U.S. EPA 1983 Government Printing Office Washington, DC 121 p. ---- Holdren, John P. Energy in transition 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p156-163 v263,n3 ---- Holloway. Leith The ozone layer and sunburn - watch your shadow 1990 Weatherwise June, 1990 p141 v43,n3 ---- Horgan, John Greenhouse America-a global warming may destroy U.S. forests and wetlands 1989 Scientific American Jan. 1989 p20-21 v260 ***CARDB ,`l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Recommended Reading & Bibliography&4. I - R (bibliography by author) ---- Jacobson, Jodi L. A really worst case scenario-rising seas from global warming may imperil 1989 Oceanus Summer 1989 p36 v32 ---- Jager, J. Anticipating climatic change 1988 Environment Sept. 1988 p12-15 v30 ---- Jones, R. L. Ozone depletion - bad news from Arctic with signs of dry nitrogen removal 1990 Nature Mar. 22, 1990 p294-295 v344 ---- Jordan, Carl F. Amazonian rain forests-ecosystem disturbance and recovery 1987 Springer-Verlag New York, NY 133 p. ---- Kellogg, William W., and Zong-Ci, Zhao Sensitivity of soil moisture to doubling of carbon dioxide in climate mod 1988 Journal of Climate Apr. 1988 p348-366 v1,n4 ---- Kerr, Richard A. Global warming continues in 1989 1990 Science Feb. 2, 1990 p521 v247 ---- Kerr, Richard A. The global warming is real 1989 Science Feb. 3, 1989 p603 b243 ---- Langbein, W. B., et al. Annual runoff in the United States-U.S. geological survey circular 5 1949 U.S. Dept. of the Interior Washington, D.C. ---- Lanouette, William Global warming - how much and why? 1990 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Apr. 1990 p38-39 v46 ---- Lawren, Bill How safe is your world?-You have a right to know 1990 National Wildlife Feb./Mar. 1990 p18-19 v28,n2 ---- Levi, Barbara Goss Climate modelers struggle to understand global warming 1990 Physics Today Feb. 1990 p17-19 43 ---- Lockerby, Robert W. The ozone hole-a selected bibliography 1989 Vance Bibliographies Monticello, IL 12 p. ---- Lovins, A. B., Lovins, L. H., Krause, F. and Bach, W. Least-cost energy-solving the CO2 problem 1989 Rocky Mountain Institute Snowmass, CO 191 p. ---- Lovins, Amory B. Energy/war-breaking the nuclear link 1980 Friends of the Earth San Francisco, CA 161 p. ---- Lovins, Amory B. The energy controversy-soft path questions & answers 1979 Friends of the Earth San Francisco, CA 450 p. ---- Lovins, Amory B. Non-nuclear futures-the case for an ethical energy strategy 1975 Friends of the Earth International San Francisco, CA 223 p. ---- Lovins, Amory B. World energy strategies-facts, issues and options 1975 Friends of the Earth International San Francisco, CA 131 p. ---- Lovins, Amory, B. Soft energy paths-toward a durable peace 1977 Friends of the Earth International San Francisco, CA 231 p. ---- Lovins, L. Hunter Energy unbound-a fable for America's future 1986 Sierra Club Books San Francisco, CA 390 p. ---- MacKenzie, Debora Substitute CFCs will stoke global warming 1989 New Scientist May 13, 1989 p25-26 v122 ---- Makhijani, A., Bickel and Makhijani Still working on the ozone hole 1990 Technology Review May/June, 1990 p53-59 v93,n4 ---- Matthews, Samuel W. Is our world warming? 1990 National Geographic Oct. 1990 p66-99 v178,n ---- McGourty, Christine Global warming becomes an international political issue 1988 Nature Nov. 17, 1988 p194 v336 ---- McKibben, Bill The end of nature 1990 Random House New York, NY ---- Miller, Alan and Mintzer, Irving Global warming: no nuclear quick fix 1990 The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists June, 1990 p31-34 v46,n5 ---- Milne, Roger Pressure grows for US to act on global warming 1990 New Scientist June 2, 1990 p23 v126 ---- Moll, Gary & Ebenreck, Sara Shading our cities-a resource guide for urban and community forests 1989 Island Press Washington, D. C. 260 p. ---- Monastersky, Richard EPA offers options to slow global warming 1989 Science News Mar. 25, 1989 p183 v135 ---- Moore, Curtis A. Will changing your light bulb save the world? 1989 International Wildlife May/June 1989 p18-23 v19,n3 ---- Oliver, David A cool solution to global warming 1990 New Scientist May 12, 1990 p42-45 v126,n1716 ---- Page, Jake A question of degree 1989 National Parks July/Aug. 1989 p. p24-29 v63 ---- Philips, Michael Reactors redux 1989 Sierra Mar./Apr. 1989 p56-61 v74,n2 ---- Prather, Michael J. and Watson, Robert T. Stratospheric ozone depletion & future levels of atmo. chlorine and bromi 1990 Nature April 19, 1990 p729-734 v344 ---- Ramanathan, V. et al. Cloud-radiative forcing and climate- results from the earth radiation bud 1989 Science Jan. 6, 1989 57-63 v243 ---- Ramanathan, V., Cicerone, R. J. et al. Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change 1985 Journal of Geophysical Research 1985 p5547-5566 v90 ---- Reddy, Amulya K. N. and Goldemberg, Jose Energy for the developing world 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p110-118 v263.n3 ---- Renner, Michael G. Hot air on global warming 1990 World-Watch May/June, 1990 p35-36 v3,n3 ---- Revkin, Andrew C. Murder in the Amazon 1990 Discover Jan., 1990 p30-32 ---- Roan, Sharon L. Ozone crisis-the 15-year evolution of a sudden global emergency 1989 John Wiley & Sons New York, NY 270 p. ---- Roberts, Leslie Global warming report-letters 1990 Science Jan. 5, 1990 p14-16 v247 ---- Roberts, Leslie Global warming-blaming the sun 1989 Science Nov. 24, 1989 p992-993 v246 ---- Ross, Marc H. and Steinmeyer, Daniel Energy for industry 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p88-98 v263,n3 ***CARDB "l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "bib" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "bib" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Recommended Reading & Bibliography&5. S - Z (bibliography by author) ---- Sampson, R. Neil ReLeaf for global warming 1988 American Forests Nov./Dec. 1988 p9-14 v94 ---- Sancton, Thomas A. The fight to save the planet 1989 Time Dec. 18, 1989 p60-61 v134,n25 ---- Schneider, Stephen H. Cooling it 1990 World Monitor - The Christian Science Monitor Monthly July, 1990 p30-38 ---- Schneider, Stephen H. Global warming-are we entering the greenhouse century? 1989 Sierra Club Books San Francisco, CA 317 p. ---- Scott, Douglas The Sierra Club's climate campaign 1989 Sierra July/Aug. 1989 p40 v74,n4 ---- Sedjo, Roger A. Forests-a tool to moderate global warming? 1989 Environment Jan./Feb. 1989 p14-20 v31 ---- Shea, Cynthia Pollock Protecting life on earth-steps to save the ozone layer 1988 Worldwatch Institute Washington, D.C. 46 p. ---- Sheiman, D. A who's who of American toxic air polluters-a guide to more than 1500 fac 1989 Natural Resources Defense Council New York, NY 150 p. ---- Smith, J. B. and Tirpak, D., eds. The potential effects of global climate change on the U.S.-draft report 1988 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. ---- Solheim, Mark K. A cleaner environment-what to buy 1990 Changing Times Feb. 1990 p29-31 ---- Spencer, Roy W. and Christy, John R. Precise monitoring of global temp. trends from satellites 1990 Science Mar. 30, 1990 p1558-1562 v247 ---- Stauffer, B., Lochbonner, E., Oeschger, H. & Schwander, J. Methane concen.in glacial atmo. was only half that of preindustrial 1988 Nature p812-814 v332 ---- Stavins, Robert N. Harnessing market forces to protect the environment 1989 Environment Jan./Feb. 1989 p535 v31,n1 ---- Stetson, Marnie Windows as good as walls 1990 World-Watch May/June, 1990 p38-39 v3,n3 ---- Stockton, C. W. and Boggess, W. R. Geohydrological implications of climate change on water resource developm 1979 U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center Fort Belvoir, VA ---- Sun, Marjorie Emissions trading goes global 1990 Science Feb. 2, 1990 p520-521 v247 ---- The Earth Works Group 50 simple things you can do to save the earth 1989 Earthworks Press Berkeley, CA 96 p. ---- Titus, J. G., ed. Effects of changes in stratospheric ozone and global climate-v1 1986 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. ---- U.S. Senate-subcommittee on environmental protection Stratospheric ozone depletion & chlorofluorocarbons-joint hearings before 1987 Washington, D.C. 677 p. ---- U.S. Senate-subcommittee on hazardous wastes & toxic substances Stratospheric ozone depletion-joint hearing before the subcommittees 1988 Washington, D.C. 146 p. ---- Udall, James R. Climate shock-nature under glass 1989 Sierra July/Aug. 1989 p34-40 v74,n4 ---- Udall, James R. Climate shock-turning down the heat 1989 Sierra July/Aug. 1989 p26-33 v74,n4 ---- Usher, Peter World conference on the changing atmosphere-implications for global secur 1989 Environment Jan./Feb. 1989 p25-27 v31,n1 ---- Ward, J., Hardt, R. and Kuhnle, T. Farming in the greenhouse-what global warming means for American agriculture 1989 Natural Resources Defense Council New York, NY 34 p. ---- Weinberg, Carl J. and Williams, Robert H. Energy from the sun 1990 Scientific American Sept. 1990 p146-155 v263,n3 ---- White, Robert M. The great climate debate 1990 Scientific American July, 1990 p36-43 v283 ---- Whitney, Craig R. Scientists warn of dangers in a warming earth 1990 The New York Times May 26, 1990 ---- Whitten, Robert C. Ozone in the free atmosphere 1985 Van Nostrand Reinhold New York, NY 288 p. ---- Wigley, T. M. L. and Raper, S. C. B. Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming 1987 Nature Nov. 12, 1987 p127-131 v330 ---- Wirth, Senator Timothy E. Addressing the challenge of climate change 1988 American Forests Nov./Dec. 1988 p12-14 ---- Zurer, Pamela Bush reverses stance on global warming 1989 Chemical & Engineering News May 22, 1989 p5-6 ---- Zurer, Pamela S. Arctic ozone loss-fact-finding mission concludes outlook is bleak 1989 Chemical & Engineering News Mar. 6, 1989 p29-31 ***biblCARD0@/;.Vp9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "forestl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Forest Destruction Means More Heat$1. Trees Play a Key Greenhouse Role Trees play a unique role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based natural mechanism for removing CO2 from the air. (CO2 is also removed by the oceans and ocean organisms.) All green plants remove CO2 from the air through the photosynthesis process, converting the carbon in CO2 into cellulose plant tissue as they grow. Most plants, however, grow and die on a yearly basis - these include commercial field crops, grasses, and weeds. Only trees and shrubs continue to grow year after year, removing additional carbon from the air. Not only do trees continue to store atmospheric carbon, their large size permits them to lock up large quantities of carbon. An acre of forest will absorb about 10 times the CO2 amount absorbed by an acre of crop land or grassland. When a plant dies or is burned, the decomposition or combustion releases the carbon locked in the cellulose back into the air in the form of either CO2 or methane, CH4. Both CO2 and CH4 are greenhouse gases. In the past, when human activities of clearing forests for agriculture and burning fossil fuels were practiced on a small scale, the earth's remaining forests could absorb most of the extra CO2 that man had produced. Today this is no longer the case, as global CO2 levels rise 0.4 percent each year, to levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts world-wide will help restore the imbalance, and buy time as ways are found to reduce world greenhouse gas emissions. ***forest@CARD/;,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Forest Destruction Means More Heat "2. Reforestation and Urban Trees  Clearly, reforestation efforts are necessary to slow the effects of global warming. According to some estimates, a major reforestation on a world-wide basis could reduce excess CO2 levels in the air by 20 or 30 percent, and lock up that CO2 for 40 or 60 years until ways are found to reduce fossil fuel use. According to the American Forestry Association, a single forest tree absorbs about 13 pounds of carbon dioxide per year, and each acre of forest absorbs about 2.6 tons of CO2. It is necessary for the United States to take a lead in reforestation efforts. In response to the greenhouse crisis, the American Forestry Association announced a bold plan to begin the reforestation of this country. Called 'ReLeaf for Global Warming', the project's initial goal is to plant 100 million trees in cities and suburban areas. According to R. Niel Sampson, President of the AFA: "An urban tree, because of its ability to shade and cool, is up to 15 times more valuable that a forest tree in cutting CO2 emissions through its additional energy-conserving ability. Three (3) well placed trees can cut home air-conditioning bills from 10 to 50 percent....Our message will begin with an urban focus: 100 million 'energy tree spaces' are available in urban communities, and filling those spaces could result in a savings of 40 billion kilowatt-hours of energy and cut as much as 18 million tons of US carbon dioxide produced each year. Those trees would reduce the amount of CO2 in the air - and in the greenhouse effect - as much as a new forest larger than the state of Connecticut."[ReLeaf for Global Warming,Sampson,American Forests,Nov/Dec 1988] Other parts of the AFA ReLeaf plan include pressure on the World Bank to stop funding destructive roads and dams in rainforests, lobbying for a strong clean-air bill (air pollution kills trees or reduces their growth) and encouraging better management of both public and private forests. In the spirit of ReLeaf and Earth Day tree planting programs, many groups are launching serious projects to plant more trees. Here is a partial list, furnished through the courtesy of Earth Day 1990: --- Global ReLeaf American Forestry Association PO Box 2000 Washington, DC 20013 (202)667-3300 --- National Arbor Day Foundation 100 Arbor Ave. Nebraska City, NE 68410 (402)474-5655 --- Tucson Clean and Beautiful Box 27210 Tucson, AZ 85726 (602)791-3109 --- TreePeople 12601 Mulholland Dr. Beverly Hills, CA 90210 (818)769-2663 --- Friends of the Urban Forest 783 Buena Vista West San Francisco, CA 94117 (415)391-7544 Sacramento Tree Foundation 1540 River Parks, #208 Sacramento, CA 95815 (916)924-8733 --- People for Trees 4543 Muir Ave. San Diego, CA 92107 (619)450-3957 --- Orange Co. Catholic Worker 311 S. Main St. Santa Ana, CA 92701 (714)835-6304 --- Magic, Inc. Box 5894 Stanford, CA 94309 (415)323-7333 --- Denver Urban Forest 1700 South Holly Denver, CO 80222 --- City Beautification Board 4527 Sherwood Trace Gainesville, FL 32605 (904)378-3671 --- Children's Rainforest Florida's International University Miami, FL 33199 (309)554-3083 --- Outdoor Activities Center 1442 Richland Rd., SW Atlanta, GA 30310 (404)752-5385 --- TreesAtlanta 96 Poplar St., NW Atlanta, GA 30303 (404)522-4097 --- Savannah Tree Foundation 12730 Rockwell Ave. Savannah, GA 31419 (912)925-7250 --- TreesForever 5190 42nd St., NE Cedar Rapids, IA 52403 (319)393-6930 --- Mid-Western Urban Forestry Center 179 South Home Franklin, IN 46131 (317)736-9500 --- Trees for Life, Inc. 1103 Jefferson -Wichita, KS 67203 (316)263-7294 --- Division of Planning 200 E. Main St. Lexington, KY 40507 (606)258-3160 --- Trees,Inc. 401 Fiscal Court Bldg. Louisville, KY 40202 (502)625-5783 --- Western MI Env. Action Council 1432 Wealthy, SE Grand Rapids, MI 49506 (616)451-3051 --- Minneapolis Shade Tree Adv. Commission 1201 Marquette Ave. Minneapolis, MN 55403 (612)332-1184 --- NYC Street Tree Consortium, Inc. 15 W. 61st Street New York, NY 10023 (212)830-7992 --- Treefolks, Inc. 1701 Eva St. Austin, TX 78704 (512)447-9706 --- Dallas Park Foundation 400 S. Record, 6th Floor Communications Center Dallas, TX 75265 (214)977-6653 --- Salt Lake Tree Trust 736 East 800 South Salt Lake City, UT 84102 (801)355-2265 --- The Winkler Botanical Preserve 1900 N. Beauregard Alexandria, VA 22311 (703)998-0400 ***CARD5Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp @BMAP5V7*****$0 $@P $ $ ##Ѐ@Ѐ@ 0Ѐ`Ppp x@e e ee0 s5@@ BpB0 B"(p0p{x7 CARD/;0 >p; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "forest" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Forest Destruction Means More Heat%3. Problem: Loss of Tropical Forests Loss of tropical rainforest areas is especially disturbing for many reasons. These forests are logged for the sale of tropical hardwoods to the richer countries like the US and Japan, or the land is simply burned to clear the way for agriculture - most often cattle ranching. The rate of destruction is truly incredible - about 100 acres every minute, for an equivalent area the size of Kansas destroyed each year. Since trees in tropical rainforests have plenty of heat and moisture, they grow fast and normally store large quantities of CO2. As forests are being cut and burned, the fires generate large quantities of CO2, perhaps 15 percent of the world's total annual release of CO2. Many species of plants and animals - between 5 and 10 million live in the rainforests - about half of all the earth's life forms. Most face extinction, once this unique habitat is destroyed. It is now estimated that at current destruction rates, the forests will be gone before the year 2050 - in less than 60 years! North Americans need to be concerned about the rainforest situation, but before we point accusing fingers at the governments of Brazil and Malaysia, we need to recognize that both the US and Canada are a big part of the problem. We are not setting good forest management examples in our own country. Since the formation of our country in the 1700's, US citizens and companies have cut down all but 4% of our nation's virgin, old growth forests. Since only part of the 4% is protected by wilderness and park status, large forest areas, including the biologically rich rainforests in the Pacific northwest, are still threatened. These old growth conifer forests store more carbon per unit area than any other vegetation system in the US and Canada. See the 'Save our Ancient Forests' and 'Reforming the US Forest Service' sections for more information. US banking companies and the World Bank are directly responsible for much of the burning and cutting of tropical rainforests. The less developed countries under heavy debt loads to US, Japan, and European banks -coordinated through the World Bank - are forced to try to clear many forest areas in an attempt to pay interest and principal on foreign loans. You can help stop this trend by writing: Mr. Barber J. Conable, Jr. President WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 Tell Mr. Conable that the world bank must stop financing dams, roads, and other destructive 'development projects' in the sensitive rainforest areas. Ask him to develop 'debt for nature' swaps with these countries, so that the rainforested country will set aside large preserves of rainforest in exchange for having a large portion of their foreign debt forgiven by the World Bank and other bankers. ***forestl `CARD-@,*l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "cfcl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer"1. CFCs Destroy Vital Ozone Layer CFCs have been drifting up slowly into the stratosphere, 10 miles or more above the earth's surface, since these synthetic gases were first produced in the early 1930's. Chlorofluorocarbons, (CFCs) are chemically very stable, that is, they do not readily combine or break down when exposed to other chemicals. Industry quickly utilized the stable, inert properties of these chemicals for refrigeration, spray cans, plastic foam packaging, fire extinguishers, and electronic solvents. Inert properties make CFCs non-toxic and non- combustible - there are no natural chemicals in the earth's lower atmosphere that will combine with CFCs. Production of CFCs grew each year, with the chemical industry unconcerned as to where the millions of tons of synthetic substances would ultimately end up. Most CFC gases take an average of 50 to 100 years to reach the upper stratosphere where high-energy ultraviolet (UV) radiation is strong enough to break the CFC molecules apart. At this point each CFC-12 molecule releases two chlorine (Cl) atoms, while CFC- 113 will release three. As early as 1974, chemists Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina, University of California at Irvine, determined these free chlorine atoms would serve as catalysis in a reaction that would destroy stratospheric ozone (O3). The reaction is basically a two-step process where the chlorine breaks down ozone molecules to form ordinary oxygen, O2. The chlorine atom itself is not consumed in the reaction, but does appear in the form of chlorine monoxide (ClO) during one step in the process. Many scientists warned government and industry that since the ozone layer is so thin, the large amounts of CFCs would have serious consequences for the stratospheric ozone. A single CFC molecule destroys many O3 molecules, due to the catalytic power of the free chlorine. The very thin ozone layer is Earth's primary shield against powerful, damaging ultraviolet radiation. ***cfcCARD*@), l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer2. The Ozone Hole Discovery By the early 1980's, the thin O3 layer over Antarctica was showing significant depletion, based on measurements by a British team of scientists working there. The antarctic measurements, made public in 1985, soon lead to NASA's discovery that the Nimbus satellites had been detecting the same ozone losses for years, but the data was not being interpreted properly. Computer programs were soon revised, and full-color images documenting the formation of the now famous "ozone hole" appeared. In August and September of 1987, NASA high-altitude aircraft flying through the hole verified conclusively that chlorine monoxide, ClO, is present in large concentrations where the O3 has been depleted.[Ozone Crisis, Roan,Wiley Science,1989] This was final "iron-clad" proof that CFCs were the culprit. Although a top chemist from DuPont (largest producer of CFCs) witnessed the NASA tests first-hand, it was not until nearly 6 months later that DuPont's president, under mounting public pressure, announced that the company would eventually cease production of CFCs. No cutoff date was promised. The size of the hole varies each year. In October 1985 the size was greater than the area of the continental US. The hole forms austral spring in Antarctica, during August or September, and peaks in size, usually in October. In 1987 the hole size hit record levels - larger than the entire Antarctic continent. While size fluctuates from year to year, depending on weather, the 1989 hole was equal in size to the record setting 1987 hole. Ozone decreases of approximately 50% are measured inside the hole. Some NASA researchers are predicting the hole will increase significantly after 1991, speculating that the current high sunspot activity may be partially compensating for ozone losses. After 1991, the 11 year sunspot cycle begins its decline, producing lower natural levels of O3 in the upper atmosphere. Fewer sunspots are known to generate less UV radiation, which creates ozone from ordinary oxygen. In recent years a smaller ozone hole has been observed near the north pole as well. The CFC chlorine seems to react vigorously with ozone at very cold temperatures, in the presence of thin, icy clouds over polar areas. NASA has also measured ozone losses of about 5% in the winter and yearly averages of a 3% O3 decrease over the northern United States. High altitude ozone loss causes health problems, as UV levels of sunlight become increasingly more powerful. EPA studies predict an extra 20,000 cases of skin cancer for each percentage point drop in O3 level. Sharon Roan, in her book, 'Ozone Crisis' reports that cases of malignant melanoma, the potentially deadly form of the disease, have increased 93% in the last 8 years. Eye cataracts and other vision-related disorders are also projected to increase. Research is beginning to reveal that high UV levels on our ozone-depleted planet will result in lowering the productivity of plankton in the oceans. Plankton are at the bottom of the marine food chain, so less plankton may soon mean smaller catches for the world's commercial fishing industry. Yields for crops, such as corn, wheat, and soybeans, are also projected to drop as UV radiation increases. *** CARD @),l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer%3. Record Holes in Last 3 of 4 YearsG In October 1990, scientists revealed that the 1990 south pole ozone hole again returned to the record size set by holes in the 1987 and 1989 seasons. According to NASA, the 1990 hole covered 5% of the area of the entire southern hemisphere. This is the first time two 'huge' holes have appeared for two years in a row. ***CARDwn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp @BMAPV7*****$0 $@P $ $ ##Ѐ@Ѐ@ 0Ѐ`Ppp x@e e ee0 s5@@ BpB0 B"(p0CARD@),l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer%4. HCFCs, Halons, other Cl Compounds Other man-made substances besides CFCs are destroying Earth's ozone. Most any compound containing chlorine or bromine that finds its way into the stratosphere is a threat. Chemists call these substances 'halocarbons'. Examples of halocarbons are CFCs, HCFCs, Halons (these contain bromine), carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform and others. Methylbromide (CH3Br) occurs naturally in the atmosphere, but has a lifetime of only 1.5 years. ***CARD%@),l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer)5. Antarctica, Ozone, and the Greenhouse4 All biological, chemical, and physical systems on Earth are interconnected. A good example is the CFC caused O3 depletion problem creating positive feedback to accelerate global warming. Oceans absorb about half the atmosphere's excess CO2. The southern hemisphere's waters absorb the most, especially the Southern Ocean, surrounding Antarctica. More CO2 is dissolved in cold sea water than warm, and phytoplankton, tiny sea plants, convert an estimated 30% of the ocean's CO2 into oxygen through photosynthesis. The Southern Ocean teams with life, and phytoplankton are at the bottom of the food chain, the primary food source for krill, the small shrimp-like creatures that make up the next level of the chain. Besides feeding the whales, penguins, small fish, squid, seals, and sea birds, krill help to remove CO2 from the ocean and atmosphere. The krill's shells lock up carbon when the animals die, and the shells settle to the ocean floor. (See 'global carbon cycle' under the CO2 section.) Without healthy, abundant phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean, Antarctic marine life will cease, and with it, a major mechanism for removing CO2. It appears that excess UV radiation, caused by ozone depletion does, in fact, kill phytoplankton or seriously reduce their growth rates. Dr. Sayed Z. El-Sayed, oceanography researcher from Texas A&M University has shown experimental evidence that increased UV levels associated with the ozone hole can reduce phytoplankton's photosynthesis growth rate from 30% to 85%! Research continues on this important subject. ***CARDDgn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp @BMAPV7*****$0 $@P $ $ ##Ѐ@Ѐ@ 0Ѐ`Ppp x@e e ee0 s5@@ BpB0 B"(p001 `CARD@).tn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "cfc" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer!6. World-wide Controls for CFCs?" The international community's environmental leaders met in London during the summer of 1990 to revise and strengthen the existing Montreal Protocol. The Montreal Protocol is designed to control CFC emissions. At the London Revision meeting, phaseout timetables were set for the previously unregulated methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride substances. A complete phaseout for CFCs and Halons is now scheduled for the year 2000. While these phaseout plans are a big improvement over the original Montreal Protocol (which just required 50% cuts) many are concerned that another 10 years of CFC production will lead to massive environmental damage. According to Friends of the Earth calculations, the London phaseout schedule will permit industry to produce up to ANOTHER 10 BILLION POUNDS of CFCs and enough Halons to equal 50% of all Halon ever produced. Opposition to tighter CFC controls came from US, Japan, and the Soviet Union. The US EPA now projects atmospheric chlorine will peak at around 4 ppb as the new controls take affect, but a more realistic study by NASA, (see graph on the previous card) shows levels closer to 5 ppb. There is good reason to believe chlorine will not be contained under 5 parts per billion, since neither China nor India have yet signed the Montreal Protocol. ***cfclCARD @*l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "co2l" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Culprit: CO2 From Fossil Fuel Use 1. Population and Petroleum Use Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas generated by man's burning of fossil fuels and the forests is responsible for about half the greenhouse gas warming. Other gases (CFCs, methane, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone) are responsible for the rest. Increases in all these gases are due to mankind's explosive population growth over the last century, and increased industrial expansion. Approximately 80% of atmospheric CO2 increases are due to man's use of fossil fuels: oil, coal, and gas. These petroleum- based energy sources first came into use with the burning of coal during the industrial revolution in the 1700's. Fossil fuel use accelerated in the past 100 years, as more convenient oil and gas fuels became popular (see graph). Since 1945 petroleum consumption has increased dramatically, due in large part to increased usage of automobiles worldwide, and the substitution of mechanized farm machinery for animal power. When world population was relatively small, no one worried about what happened to the waste products of combustion - CO2 dispersed into the seemingly limitless atmosphere and was forgotten. But now energy activities are on such a large scale that they are affecting the planet. ***co2CARDED,nl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Culprit: CO2 From Fossil Fuel Use2. Modern CO2 Measurements$ In 1958 Charles Keeling, of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, began to measure carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The site selected for these measurements was on top of the volcanic mountain of Mauna Loa, in Hawaii. No vegetation grows on the rocky slopes, and this is important because the photosynthesis and respiration of plants in the area could upset the CO2 measurements. CO2 measurements at the Hawaiian site have continued. The instruments show the level of CO2 has been steadily increasing (about 0.4% per year) from a level of 315 parts per million in 1958 to 353 ppm in 1990. Clearly, Earth's natural mechanisms for absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere cannot handle the large quantities of CO2 being added by modern man. Scientists believe nearly 1/2 of the CO2 being emitted each year remains in the atmosphere, while the rest is being absorbed by trees and the oceans. As a result, CO2 measurements show a continuing build- up of CO2 greenhouse gases in the air - gases that will eventually lead to more global heating. *** CARD_D, Nl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Culprit: CO2 From Fossil Fuel Use3. The Global Carbon Cycle  What are the different ways that atmospheric carbon (in the form of CO2) moves between plants, animals, the oceans, soils, and rocks? These movements are called the 'global carbon cycle', but complete answers to these questions are not known at this time. Carbon dioxide quantities in the environment are usually measured by scientists in units of 'tons of carbon' rather than tons of CO2, since researchers are most interested in tracking the movements of the carbon atom in each CO2 molecule. The conversion from tons of CO2 to 'tons of carbon' is a simple one. The carbon atom C, has an atomic weight of 12, while the molecular weight of CO2 is 44. (Each of the two oxygen atoms has a weight of 16.) The ratio of 12 to 44, or 12/44 = .273 is the conversion factor. So 10 tons of CO2 is the same as 2.73 tons of carbon. One obvious way CO2 is removed from the air is through the mechanism of photosynthesis in green plants. Plants use sunlight, water, and CO2 to manufacture cellulose (plant tissue) and oxygen. In the case of plants that live a long time, such as trees, carbon is stored in the cellulose for many years as the tree grows. Eventually the plant dies, or is eaten by an animal. The tissues are broken down by bacteria in the soil, air, or in the animal's digestive tract. Depending on the availability of oxygen and the type of bacteria, the plant's carbon gets converted to either CO2 or methane (CH4). Aerobic bacteria operate in oxygen rich environments and generate CO2. Where oxygen is scarce, such as in wet swamps and inside the guts of animals, anaerobic bacteria turn plant carbon matter into methane. Large quantities of CO2 are absorbed into the oceans, both by sea plants and small animals called plankton. When these living things die, their tissues and bodies fall to the ocean floor, are compressed and eventually may contribute to the formation of new petroleum deposits. This movement of carbon takes place over a very long time scale, and is part of a biogeochemical cycle, since it involves biological, chemical, and geological mechanisms. Another way CO2 moves to the oceans involves the atmospheric combination of water and CO2 to form carbonic acid. The acid dissolves limestone and other rocks to produce bicarbonate ions that are eventually washed into the oceans. Once in the oceans, certain marine animals may use the bicarbonate to make their shells. When the animals die, new limestone is formed from their shells on the ocean floor. There are other mechanisms that are not well understood. The carbon cycle is a very complex one, since the element carbon is an essential building block for all life forms here on Earth. Much scientific research into global warming now centers on improving our understanding of the carbon cycle. ***CARDFzD,nl; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "co2" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "Culprit: CO2 From Fossil Fuel Use4. World-wide Controls on CO2? In October 1990, while the US prepared for an oil war in the Persian Gulf, world environmental ministers met in Geneva for the Second World Climate Conference, sponsored by the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The major concern - how to lower CO2 emissions worldwide to avert a fast rate of global warming. Most nations are taking IPCC's prestigious 300-page Report, released this summer[Scientists Warn of Dangers in a Warming Earth, NY Times, May 26,1990,p.6], very seriously. The report estimated that with a 'business as usual' approach to greenhouse gas emissions, global temperatures would rise approximately 0.3 deg. C per decade, and seas would rise 2.4 inches each decade. Prior to meeting, many industrial nations had already committed themselves to freezing or reducing CO2 emissions in the next 10 to 15 years. During the meeting, Europe's Energy and Environment Ministers hammered out a joint EEC goal to stabilize CO2 emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000. (Some of the 12 members of the European community will pursue more aggressive CO2 controls.) When the dust settled in Geneva, an impressive list of nations had committed themselves to either stabilizing or reducing CO2 emissions: NATIONS COMMITTED TO CO2 REDUCTIONS Australia - 20% reduction by 2005. Denmark - 20% reduction by 2000. Germany - 25% reduction of 1987 levels by 2005. Italy - 20% reduction by 2005. Netherlands - Stabilize by 1995, 3 to 5% reduction by 2000. New Zealand - 20% reduction by 2000. NATIONS COMMITTED TO CO2 STABILIZATION Belgium - Stabilize at 1988 levels by 2000. Britain - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2005. Canada - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2000, as first step. Finland - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2000, at least. France - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2005, 20% cut by 2025. Ireland - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2000. Japan - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2000. Norway - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2000. Sweden - Stabilize at 1988 levels by 2000. Switzerland - Stabilize at 1990 levels by 2000. --- What is the US position on CO2 controls and emission targets? The Bush administration continues to claim that global warming is not a real concern, that more studies are needed. The Sununu- managed White House refused to let EPA Secretary Reilly attend the Geneva talks, sending NOAA head John Knauss instead. Just before the Second World Climate Conf, Dr. Daniel Lashof, senior scientist for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), released this statement: "The Bush Administration has run out of excuses for not acting against global warming. The stonewall policy was propped up by three buttresses--all of which have now collapsed. The US has opposed setting a CO2 target for 3 reasons. 1. 'We should wait for the report of the UN sponsored IPCC.' This report was released in August. It concludes that within 60 years business as usual emissions most likely would lead to average global temperatures higher than they have been for at least 150,000 years. 2. 'Unilateral action would be ineffective.' But, virtually every member of the OECD now is prepared to adopt a target of at least stabilizing CO2 at the 2nd World Climate Conference. 3. 'We have not conducted sufficient studies of the costs of reducing emissions.' The Administration is ignoring four studies, sponsored by both the EPA and DOE, which show that measures to stabilize US CO2 emissions would produce a $40 billion savings." ***co2lCARD!0Xr9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "villainsl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N20+1. Greenhouse Gas Formulas, Concentrationsvillains`BMAPV{23" " CARD@V,dl9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N2O"2. 'Trace' Gases Are a Big Threat About half of the current greenhouse warming is due to a group of at least 15 different gases. Although the individual concentrations of most of the gases is very small - they are measured in parts per billion (1 in 10^9) and parts per trillion (1 in 10^12) these gases have great potential to absorb infrared energy. On a molecule per molecule basis they have a greater greenhouse effect because they block IR radiation in the 8.5 to 12.5 micron region where CO2 and water vapor do not effectively absorb energy. A most disturbing fact about these gases is their rapid build-up - much faster than the CO2 buildup. If steps are not taken to control the release of these other gases, they soon will collectively contribute more to the global warming problem than carbon dioxide. These gases are produced from a variety of man's activities. The CFC gases are newly created industrial gases, used for refrigeration, solvents, and plastic foam. Methane is produced from both the production and transportation of coal and natural gas, as well as from agricultural production such a rice growing and cattle ranching. Tropospheric ozone results mainly from chemical reactions arising from automobile exhausts. N2O, nitrous oxide is produced when forests are burned to clear new land. ***CARDV,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N2O3. Tropospheric Ozone, O3 Tropospheric ozone refers to the ozone that occurs in the lower atmosphere, below 8 miles, or 40,000 feet. At these relatively low altitudes, ozone (O3) is a powerful greenhouse gas, emitted and accumulating over our cities and populated areas. This low level, tropospheric O3,growing rapidly in the northern hemisphere at about one percent a year, should not be confused with the high-altitude 'stratospheric ozone' shield that exists from 10 to 35 miles above the surface of the earth. (In the stratosphere, ozone levels are DECREASING dramatically as a result of reactions with CFC gases.) Tropospheric ozone is another by-product of fossil fuel combustion. It is produced through a set of complex photochemical reactions involving many hydrocarbons such as methane, butane, and propane. These reactions also require the presence of nitrogen oxides (generic formula NOx). Nitrogen oxides are produced mainly by burning fossil fuels, with automobile use and coal burning creating the most NOx wastes, and therefore the largest quantities of O3. Because tropospheric ozone is highly chemically reactive, it has a short 100 day average lifetime. This means that it does not mix uniformly in the atmosphere, and O3 levels vary widely, however they are known to be higher in the northern hemisphere where there are more cars and coal-fired power plants. One important way the O3 is removed from the troposphere is by photochemical reactions with the hydroxyl radical (OH) - similar to the way methane is removed. Since man's production of carbon monoxide, CO, reduces the numbers of available OH radicals in the atmosphere, increased CO emissions are responsible for part of the tropospheric O3 build-up. ***CARDn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp @BMAPV7*****$0 $@P $ $ ##Ѐ@Ѐ@ 0Ѐ`Ppp x@e e ee0 s5@@ BpB0 B"(p0 `CARDnV, l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N2O"4. Methane (CH4) Has Many Sources Methane (CH4) is a significant greenhouse gas, and is a natural part of the atmosphere. Ice core records going back many thousand years show that methane levels, like CO2 levels, rise and fall with global temperature. Methane (also called 'swamp gas') is formed by bacterial action in wet locations where oxygen is in short supply. These include swamps, garbage dumps, rice paddies, and the digestive systems of cattle, termites, and even man. Because increased temperature accelerates bacterial activity, a small temperature rise can result in large increases in methane production in soils, swamps, and wetlands. Some of the observed 1.0 percent annual increase in CH4 is probably due to the current greenhouse heating of the earth. This is the most likely reason why CH4 levels fluctuated with temperature during glacial and interglacial times. Methane is also produced by many of man's industrial activities. Since CH4 is a principal ingredient in natural gas, any leaks in gas transmission pipes will add menthane to the air. Methane also leaks out of the ground when coal is mined. These industrial sources are estimated to account for perhaps 20% of global emissions. The average methane molecule spends about 10 years in the troposphere (below 40,000 feet) and is eventually destroyed by photochemical reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH). Hydroxyl radicals, however, are in short supply in the air presently because of increasing levels of carbon monoxide (CO). Thus, even though CO pollution does not directly cause greenhouse warming, it contributes to increased methane levels, which do. As can be seen from the above discussion, methane levels will be difficult to control. Some CH4 sources involve natural mechanisms, many others are created through necessary food production. Methods to reduce the rate of methane build-up involve building more fuel-efficient cars, reducing wasteful industrial combustion that generates CO, reduced use of coal, and measures to control natural gas leakage. Scientists at the University of California, Irvine just released a study showing methane levels to be very high in most cities in Eastern Europe - due to old, leaky gas pipes. Apparently after years of Communist management, the natural gas distribution system has fallen into such disrepair that an estimated 10% of the gas leaks into the air, never reaching its destination! Repairing/replacing gas lines in these countries is a relative simple way to reduce CH4 levels. Leaks in the US gas distribution system are estimated to be at about 2%. Reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases will also reduce methane releases due to the natural temperature feedback mechanism. ***CARDV,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N2O5. Nitrous Oxide, N2O Nitrous oxide, also known as the 'laughing gas' administered by dentists, has the chemical formula N2O. N2O levels have been increasing steadily, with N2O produced when nitrogen-based fertilizers decompose. Another large source of nitrous oxide is the destruction of forests. When forest land is cleared by burning, large amounts of N2O are released. Scientists have also learned that newly cleared forest soil continues to emit large amounts of N2O even after the initial fire, for the next year or so. N2O levels are increasing about 0.3% per year. Halting the burning of large rainforest areas is one way to slow the increase of this gas, which has an average lifetime in the atmosphere of 150 years. *** CARDV,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N2O%6. Carbon Monoxide Boosts O3 and CH4H While carbon monoxide (CO) is not itself a greenhouse gas, increased levels of CO lead to increased levels of both tropospheric ozone and methane. This is because carbon monoxide removes hydroxyl radicals (OH) from the air that would otherwise be available to react with O3 and CH4, and thereby raising the levels of these two greenhouse gases. While CO occurs naturally in the atmosphere, it has been estimated that most CO in the air is due to man's activities. The combustion of fossil fuels is the largest source of carbon monoxide, with internal combustion engines in cars contributing the most. The burning of forests and grasslands for agricultural purposes also creates large quantities of CO. The CO molecule is also chemically reactive, and is thought to have an average lifetime in the atmosphere of about 4 months. ***CARD$@2$r; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "villains" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp #Other Villains: Methane, CFCs, N2O%7. CFCs: Synthetic Greenhouse Gases CFCs, another name for chlorofluorocarbons, are synthetic gases, produced only in chemical factories. CFCs are chemically very stable - at least until they get to the stratosphere where they react effectively to destroy the ozone layer. CFCs are not only bad for the stratospheric ozone layer, they are very powerful greenhouse gases as well. Even though CFC-11 and CFC-12 are measured in very low concentrations - 230 parts per trillion for CFC-11 in 1986 - their IR absorption properties are very strong. V. Ramanathan explained at Senate hearings that a single CFC-11 molecule has the same greenhouse effect as 10,000 molecules of CO2.[Senate Comm: Energy and Nat. Resources, 11/9/87] CFC gases have been added to the atmosphere since 1930, when they were first commercially produced for refrigerators. In the past few decades, their use has grown rapidly, with measured increase rates in the atmosphere of as high as 12% for CFC-113. CFC-11 and CFC-12 are increasing at a rate of 5 percent per year. CFCs are used for refrigeration, air conditioning, fire extinguishers, cleaning solvents, and as a blowing agent for rigid plastic foams. While these gases have been around for only 60 years, they have been added to the atmosphere at such rapid rates so as to be very important greenhouse gases. Christopher Flavin, of the Worldwatch Institute, reports that CFC gases already account for 25 percent of the greenhouse effect. One problem with regulating CFC use is that CFC-22 has been suggested as a replacement for ozone damaging CFC-12 in many applications, yet CFC-22 has strong greenhouse absorption properties. More information on CFCs is available under the "CFC Destruction of the Ozone Layer" section. ***villainsl CARD@, rn9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "fastl" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "How Fast Is the Earth Heating Up?!1. Measuring Earth's Temperature ! Much debate in the last five years over the greenhouse effect has centered on interpreting temperature numbers generated at weather stations all over the world. The data from these thermometers are averaged and plotted in attempts to determine just how fast the earth has heated up since the measurements began. There is now no doubt the world is getting warmer. The thermometers show the world is warmer now than at any time since thermometers have been available for measurements. Perhaps the most startling revelation came early in 1989, when British weather scientists from the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit announced that 1988 was the hottest year in the last century. Together with 1988, the years of 1987, 1983, 1981, 1980, and 1986 have been measured to be the warmest 6 years in the last hundred. (The order given is the ranking, with the warmest years first.) Even before results of the 1988 year were tabulated, lead scientist James Hansen from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, told Senators in Washington he was 99% confident that the warm weather of the 80's decade was due to global warming, and not simply random events: "The present observed global warming is close to 0.4 deg. C, relative to 'climatology,' which is defined as the 30-year (1951- 1980) mean. A warming of 0.4 deg. C is three times larger than the standard deviation of annual mean temperatures in the 30-year climatology. The standard deviation of 0.13 deg. C is a typical amount by which the global temperature fluctuates annually about its 30-year mean; the probability of a chance warming of three standard deviations is about 1%. Thus we can state with about 99% confidence that current temperatures represent a real warming trend rather that a chance fluctuation over the 30-year period."[Senate Committe on Energy & Natural Resources,6/23/88] Scientist Hansen is telling us that the 'greenhouse warming signal' has been detected. Not all researchers yet agree with him - these people say we need more data and further studies. More research continues, but certainly many people believe the first stages of greenhouse warming are already upon us. After looking at the graphs and data in this program, what do you think? 1990 Global Temperature update: At greenhouse hearings in October, Dr. P.D. Jones, scientist from E. Anglia's Climate Research Unit, told US Senators that 1990 will probably go down as the warmest year on record. Based on careful analysis of temperatures from 3,300 stations worldwide, Dr. Jones stated that 1990 is almost certain to be the warmest, even though data from the last 4 months had not yet been collected. Dr. Jones expects the new ranking for the 4 hottest years ever to be: 1990, 1998, 1987, 1983. Official 1990 results should be announced in February 1991. ***fast#CARD$B ,":n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "How Fast is the Earth Heating Up?$2. Forecasting with Computer Models! To get a better idea of the amount of warming that can be expected, scientists use computer models to simulate our world with increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Computer projections are used because current levels of CO2 at 353 ppm are much higher than the historical levels of CO2 recorded in arctic ice packs. (Historical fluctuations have ranged from 180 ppm during glacial times to 280 ppm for the warmer interglacial periods.) The most sophisticated computer programs are called GCMs, or Global Circulation Models, and they are run on powerful supercomputers capable of many million floating-point calculations per second. The model is constructed by dividing the earth's surface up in a grid-like pattern, sampling perhaps 1000 to 20,000 evenly spaced points around the globe. The models are three-dimensional as well, for at each surface point location, the solar radiation, temperature, gas concentrations, air pressures, wind velocities and many other parameters are maintained for as many as 10 or 15 different elevation levels. Using this 3-dimensional data structure, scientists then program the model to calculate the interaction of the variables mentioned above according to the various laws of physics governing energy and mass transfer: refection, absorption, convection, conduction, and many others. The total number of data elements and computations are staggering - a single GCM run can take at least 100 hours of CPU time on a supercomputer. Future climate modeling research using GCM's is currently taking place at 4 or 5 major labs, including NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab, and NOAA's National Center for Atmospheric Research. To compare results between the different models, scientists have developed a standard experiment that asks the question - "how much will the average global temperature increase if the CO2 concentration in the air is doubled to 660 ppm?" Most current models show increases of between 6.3 and 9 degrees F (3.5 to 5 deg. C). In addition, some model runs will generate additional results, such as maps of expected rainfall levels over the continents, or moisture levels in the soil. Furthermore, these computer model simulations are run long enough into the future until results reach an equilibrium. Equilibrium occurs when the earth's temperature has finally stabilized at some higher temperature to accommodate the new CO2 'doubled' atmosphere. The 660 ppm doubling figure may seem like a very high one, since CO2 levels are now at 353 ppm. However, these models use CO2 as the only greenhouse gas, and the effects of the other gases must be included to calculate the correct warming due to all the greenhouse gases. Assuming a continuation of present emission rates, V. Ramanathan from the University of Chicago estimates that the equivalent CO2 concentration could reach the 660 level within 45 years, by 2035. If only the CO2 rate were used, the concentration doubling would not occur until the year 2085.[Senate Comm: Energy and Nat. Resources, 11/9/87] There is considerable public debate about the supposed accuracy or inaccuracies of these climate-CO2 models. Some argue that no action should be taken until more precise estimates and effects of warming can be made, while others argue strong actions to limit the production of greenhouse gases should be taken immediately before precious time to react is lost. Most scientists directly involved with this research feel that society needs to start acting to reduce global warming now. All the models predict climate change rates much greater than the planet has ever experienced before. Another reason for not waiting is that it will take 10 to 20 more years to improve the models and computer technology to the point where very accurate predictions are possible. Let's continue our exploration of the science of climate modeling by first looking at results generated by the current models. Finally, we will see where the models are weak, and what improvements are needed in future research efforts. Most importantly, all the computer simulations show significant temperature increases for the levels of greenhouse gases anticipated within the next 40 years. Models also report that warming at the high latitudes and middle latitudes will be more severe than the average warming, while equatorial areas will heat up less than average. Most models predict less rainfall in the high to mid latitudes of both North American and Europe- Asian continents, with the India-Bangladesh area the only one receiving increased amounts of moisture. In one comparison of 5 different models, all five predicted that the western midwest area around Omaha, Nebraska would receive less moisture under the doubled CO2 scenario.[Global Warming,Schneider,Sierra Books,1989] The world's oceans probably hold the biggest uncertainty in climate prediction. First, there is the problem of determining how much heat storage capacity the oceans have - and they have a lot, since a certain mass of water can store more heat than the equivalent mass of most other common materials. In fact, at the present time, even the basic 'time constant', or time delay factor of the oceans is not well known. It is believed to be something greater than 20 years and yet less than 100 years. The oceans therefore represent a large inertia. Anything possessing high inertia is both hard to start moving and hard to stop as well. For decades, oceans absorbed the excess heat from the greenhouse effect, making detection of the 'greenhouse warming signal' difficult until now. But now global temperatures are on the move and it will be hard to control them. This is why researchers say that even if we, the citizens of the planet, were to somehow decide to control all greenhouse gases and keep them at today's levels, the earth will probably heat up another 1.8 degrees F (1.0 deg.C) by the year 2040. A more subtle problem is understanding and modeling the exact flow of the ocean's currents. Because of the powerful flow of ocean currents, large amounts of heat can be redistributed around the globe in ways that are not yet understood. The direction, depth and strength of these currents are controlled by such factors as the amount of salt in the water, the temperature differences in various parts of the ocean basins, and the shape and depth of the ocean floor. Good measurement data on ocean currents, measured on a worldwide basis, simply are not available at this time. Stephen Schneider, a principal climatologist at the NOAA's Center for Atmospheric Research says that future models must integrate the three-dimensional modeling of both the atmosphere and the oceans before truly accurate results can be obtained. The lack of good ocean circulation data in today's models is probably the reason why the models seem to give reasonable weather estimates for large general areas of the globe, but often give conflicting predictions for a regions smaller that a continent, especially in coastal areas. A number of other factors that affect global warming are not included in today's computer models. Various feedback mechanisms, particularly those involving biological processes, have yet to be included. Some are 'negative feedbacks', which should slow the temperature rise, while 'positive feedbacks' will accelerate the temperature changes. An example of a negative feedback mechanism would be that trees may absorb more CO2 when they encounter the higher CO2 concentrations in the future. An example of a positive feedback is when the permafrost tundra soils are heated, the thawing of the soils will release methane locked in icy structures called clathrates. Higher temperatures are also known to accelerate the decay of organic matter by bacteria. A 1 degree C rise can potentially generate a 30% increase in the release of methane from soils. The response of the ocean's phytoplankton to increased levels of CO2 and ultraviolet radiation (resulting from the loss of ozone from CFCs) is also not understood. There are many areas where models need improvement. Wallace Broecker, scientist at Columbia University, gave this list of needed improvements at his testimony before a Senate hearing in 1987: 1. The large scale circulation of the ocean. 2. The processes regulating soil moisture. 3. The processes responsible for cloud formation. 4. The influence of the global biogeochemical cycles on the atmosphere's composition. 5. The processes regulating sea ice.[Jt.Hearing - Subcomm: Env. Protection and Hazardous Wastes, Jan 28, 1987] ***CARD,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "How Fast is the Earth Heating Up?$3. Natural Causes of Climate Change With all the discussions about the greenhouse effect, it is natural to ask the question, "What are the natural factors that affect climate change? What caused the glacial periods and other historical climate changes?" Most changes are due to the energy of the sun fluctuating. On a short term basis, sunspots can change the energy output of the sun by about 0.4% over an eleven year cycle. Scientists believe this may have some correlation with 22 year drought patterns in the plains of the US. Large sunspot activity is also thought to be partially responsible for the 'Little Ice Age' from 1450 to 1850. This climate change is well documented in history with many impacts on civilization in Europe, including famines - yet the temperature fluctuation was only about 2 degrees F. Changes in Earth's orbit around the sun are primarily responsible for determining times of glaciation and subsequent interglacial periods. The changes affect the intensity of sunlight striking various parts of the earth. These orbital fluctuations are called the Milankovitch cycles. The orbiting geometry of Earth and the rotation on its axis create three different long-term cycles of approximately 22,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The phase of the Milankovitch cycles is presently such that some natural cooling of the earth is occurring. This factor may be part of the reason why the greenhouse warming signal was hard to detect until recently, because the warming of the gases and the cooling of the Milankovitch cycles were cancelling each other out. Volcanic eruptions can reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the earth, as the airborne ash causes the atmosphere to block some of the incoming radiation.*** CARD,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "How Fast is the Earth Heating Up?"4. NASA's Mission to Planet Earth` NASA, responding to increasing scientific and public interest in the greenhouse and ozone hole problems, has recently proposed a bold new program of satellite-based global environmental monitoring. Called the 'Mission to Planet Earth', NASA's new project would be the largest unmanned space program ever, costing between 1 and 2 billion dollars each year for the next 15 to 20 years. The 'Mission' project would be coordinated with similar efforts by Japan and the European Space Agency. Extensive global data would be collected to monitor atmospheric pollution, clouds, ice, and biological activity on both land and in the oceans. The master plan calls for a variety of satellites in polar, equatorial, and geosynchronous orbits. At the present time, NASA has only limited funding to plan the details of Mission to Planet Earth. The first phase, involves launching an Earth Observing System satellite by 1997, most of the Earth Observing System work is being done by the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Jet Propulsion Lab.[Mission to Planet Earth, Covault, Aviation Week & Space Tech,March 13, 1989] ***CARD.Vn; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "fast" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp "How Fast is the Earth Heating Up?"5. Centigrade vs Fahrenheit Rises With all the talk in the scietific and popular media about predicted warmings by a certain year, it's easy to become confused. Some reports don't even distinguish between the Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales! Here is how to convert a Centigrade rise to the equivalent Fahrenheit rise: Just multiply the degree C number by 1.8 to get degrees Fahrenheit. (The 1.8 factor is the 9/5 ratio of temperature increments on the two scales.) For example - a 2 degree C warming is the same as a 3.6 deg. F increase.fastl CARDr2 .t9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to card "greenhousel" end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Greenhouse Gases Cause Warming%1. Atmospheric Gases Keep Earth Warm The 'Greenhouse Earth' is surrounded by a shield of atmospheric gases, rather than a glass or plastic canopy. The air that makes up our atmosphere consists primarily of nitrogen and oxygen molecules (N2 at 78% and O2 at 21%). A large number of 'trace gases' make up the remainder of air's composition. Many of these - including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the so called 'greenhouse' gases. If you have ever felt the piercing cold of the clear winter night sky and wondered why you feel warmer on a cloudy winter night, you have experienced the atmospheric greenhouse effect firsthand. The radiative laws of physics tell us that any object warmer than absolute zero will radiate energy. Cooler objects emit longer waves (in the infrared region) while hotter ones radiate shorter wavelengths. Our sun, powered by its hot, nuclear fusion reaction, produces radiant energy in the visible and ultraviolet regions with relatively short wavelengths. Of the sunlight that strikes the earth, about 70% is absorbed by the planet and its atmosphere, while the other 30% is immediately reflected. If the earth did not reradiate most of this newly absorbed energy back to space (at longer infrared wavelengths) the world would continue to grow hotter. Instead, an energy balance is maintained, with the earth at a certain temperature, and its atmosphere at a somewhat cooler temperature, but warmer than space itself. The earth is about 60 degrees F (33 deg.C) warmer than it would be if it did not have the atmospheric blanket of greenhouse gases and clouds around it. Clouds are simply water vapor (gaseous H2O molecules). Water vapor and greenhouse gases keep the earth warm because their molecules have the ability to absorb some of the infrared radiation, IR, being emitted from the earth. Once warmed, these molecules then radiate a portion of this heat energy back to earth, creating more warming on the surface of our planet. It is this radiation of IR energy by the atmospheric gases back to earth that scientists call the 'greenhouse effect'. The greenhouse theory is one of the most well-established theories of atmospheric science, and has been verified by many measurements on our planet, as well as on Mars and Venus, which have very different atmospheres and temperatures than our Earth. The graphs at the right show the CO2 buildup and temperature increases that Earth has experienced in the last 100 years. CO2, produced when oil, gas, coal or wood are burned, is the primary greenhouse gas warming the earth. While the 1.3 degree F global rise (0.7 deg C) does not seem to be very much, it represents a large change in a single century, especially when compared with climate changes that resulted from the historic glacial ages. ***greenhouseCARDr,`l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Greenhouse Gases Cause Warming$2. The Greenhouse on Mars and Venus Mars orbits farther from the sun than does Earth, and therefore receives smaller doses of solar radiant energy than our planet. As a result, Mars is colder than Earth. But Mars is much colder, because it contains a very thin atmosphere of low-concentration greenhouse gases. Mars's atmospheric pressure (and hence gas concentration) is less than 1% of Earth's, and is mostly CO2. Most ice on Mars is 'dry ice' or frozen carbon dioxide. Because greenhouse gas molecules are in short supply on Mars, the planet's arctic regions are very cold - about minus180 degrees F (-120 deg.C). Venus, orbiting between Earth and Mercury, receives more solar radiation than Earth. However, the primary reason Venus is such a hot planet - about 900 degrees F - is the greenhouse effect. Atmospheric pressures and gas concentrations on Venus are 90 to 100 times greater than on our home planet - trapping much more heat than the earth does. The 'air' on Venus consists of mostly CO2, with layers of thick 'clouds' made up of sulfuric acid. ***CARD(r4pt; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "greenhouse" end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp Greenhouse Gases Cause Warming*3. Polar Ice: Temperature and CO2 Records Ice cores from centuries-old ice deposits in Antarctica and Iceland provide scientists with records of both global temperatures and CO2 concentrations dating back as far as 160,000 years. The analysis of these ice deposits represents a clever piece of scientific detective work. These analyses show that past temperatures and CO2 levels have risen and fallen together. To determine the historical CO2 levels in the atmosphere, the bubbles trapped in the ice are analyzed for the CO2 concentration - the air is trapped as light density snow is gradually compressed by the weight of new layers to form ice. Isotopes of oxygen atoms (18 O and 16 O) in the ice molecules give estimates of the Earth's temperature during these ancient times. Scientists measure the ratio of the ice formed with heavy water,containing the 18 O isotope, to the normal water consisting of 16 O atoms. When the earth is warm, more of the heavier water containing 18 O evaporates to become snowfall, resulting in a higher ratio of 18 O in ice from that period. ***greenhouselCARDfY@ARTRj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp &Help: Using the Save The Planet stack%1. NAVAGATE THE STACK with previous card: or next card: buttons click on a topic or icon on the menu cards return to a menu card by clicking on the return arrow button 2. PRINT THE CURRENT CARD using the print button 3. MOST CARDS USE SCROLLING FIELDS LIKE THE ONE ON THIS CARD to view more of the text, you can drag the white box down the scroll bar, or click on the arrows in the scroll bar, or click in the grey area to scroll an entire page helpBMAPYV4ID0((((`( 0@&  0 ($3!"`3a;"3@ at $8.00 _________ (REQUIRED for all orders outside US, & Canada) TOTAL US $ _________ ( )Visa ( )MC ____________________________________ ___________ Card Number Card Expires signature: __________________________________ Register your name: ________________________________ (Checks must be from US banks) Your address: ________________________________ City, State, ZIP: ________________________________ (STP Hypercard registration) register@CARDB ,l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Register Your Stack for Free Update02. Registration and License Information License^ SAVE THE PLANET 1991 (c) Copyright 1990,1991 Roger & Kathy Cox, all rights reserved. Except for limited evaluation, non-licensed use is prohibited. If you make use of this software, you are required to pay a registration (license) fee to: Save the Planet Software P.O. Box 45 Pitkin, CO 81241 The fee is $16 for individuals, schools, & non-profit orgs. The fee is $30 for corporations and government agencies. Fees are in US dollars, checks must be drawn on US banks. Checks, VISA, and MasterCard are accepted. Phone orders, with credit cards, may be made by calling us at (303) 641-5035. Purchase orders ($20 minimum) are accepted from Fortune 500 companies, schools and government agencies. Your registration fee entitles you to use this software on a single computer. Low-cost Lab Packs are available for multiple computer installations. Your 1991 registration fee also entitles you to receive TWO FREE UPDATE versions, scheduled for release in early 1992 and 1993. Upon receipt of your $16 fee, you will receive a confirmation, and the $20 and $30 registrants will immediately receive a disk containing the most current version. This program will be updated at least annually as new information on global warming becomes available. Gift subscriptions may be purchased. ***registerCARDB ,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Register Your Stack for Free Update3. Lab Packs for Schools LAB PACK Order Form The 'Save the Planet' program is copyrighted, the price of 1991 registration for schools & nonprofits is $20. This is a license for single computer use, for the years 1991, 1992, & 1993. If your organization will have more than one copy of STP running at the same time, you should sign up for an economical lab-pack. LAB PACKS contain 4 copies of the program, with 4 update copies mailed to you in 1992 and again in 1993. All 4 copies must be the same media type, Macintosh or PC compatible. Price: $60.00 Save the Planet Lab Packs (4 delivered copies): ______ PC 5.25" ________ PC 3.5" _______ Macintosh 3.5" (Hypercard version) remit to: Save the Planet Software Total US $ __________ P.O. Box 45 Pitkin, CO 81241 Software Administrator: __________________________________ (303) 641-5035 Organization: __________________________________ Address: __________________________________ City, State,Zip: __________________________________ ---------------------------------  CARDB ,n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp l9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to next card end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Register Your Stack for Free Update$4. "Save The Planet" for the IBM PCI Do you have a friend, relative, or business associate who has an IBM compatible computer and is concerned about our global environment? "Save the Planet" is also available as a stand-alone program for PC's with 512K RAM, and CGA,EGA,VGA, or Hercules graphics cards (most machines have one of these). The program contains essentially the same information (both text and graphics) as this stack, and includes the Global Roulette and Write to Washington features as well. Why not order a gift subscription for this person? Just print this card out, send it along with your check for $20, and we will send them the current PC version now and the 1992,1993 updates. Send gift to: ______________________________ From: ________________________ ______________________________ ________________________ _____________________ zip______ ________________________ IBM PC compatible disk desired: send to: Save The Planet Software PO Box 45 ( ) 3.5" or ( ) 5.25" Pitkin, CO 81241 or call: (303)641-5035CARDB 2n; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe left go to previous card end mouseUp r; New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect wipe right go to card "register" end mouseUp Rj0 Printon mouseUp doMenu "Print Card" end mouseUp $Register Your Stack for Free Update5. Invoices For Corporations Remit to: INVOICE Contact individual: Save the Planet Software ______________________________ P.O. Box 45 Firm: Pitkin, CO 81241 ______________________________ (303) 641-5035 ______________________________ ______________________________ Quantity Description Unit Price Total _____ Registration & Current Disk (Macintosh) $ 20.00 _________ _____ Corporate & Govt. Registration (Macintosh) $ 30.00 _________ TOTAL US $ _________ Note that 'Save the Planet'- A Database for Global Warming and Ozone Depletion, has been delivered and accepted by the customer. Upon receipt of this invoice payment, a current disk will be sent. (note to person ordering this software: Please make two copies of this invoice, delivering one to your company's accounts payable department, and send the other one to Save the Planet Software, so we may process the delivery of update copies.)registerl CARD\33JXj7 AKon mouseUp go to card "ak" end mouseUp JXAj` ALon mouseUp go to card "al" end mouseUp JXkj ARon mouseUp go to card "ar" end mouseUp JXj AZon mouseUp go to card "az" end mouseUp JXj݀ CAon mouseUp go to card "ca" end mouseUp JXj  COon mouseUp go to card "co" end mouseUp JXj4 CTon mouseUp go to card "ct" end mouseUp JX@j_ DEon mouseUp go to card "de" end mouseUp J Xkj FLon mouseUp go to card "fl" end mouseUp J Xj GAon mouseUp go to card "ga" end mouseUp J {7 HIon mouseUp go to card "hi" end mouseUp J {A` IAon mouseUp go to card "ia" end mouseUp J {k IDon mouseUp go to card "id" end mouseUp J{ ILon mouseUp go to card "il" end mouseUp J{݀ INon mouseUp go to card "in" end mouseUp J{  KSon mouseUp go to card "ks" end mouseUp J{4 KYon mouseUp go to card "ky" end mouseUp J{@_ LAon mouseUp go to card "la" end mouseUp J{k MAon mouseUp go to card "ma" end mouseUp J{ MDon mouseUp go to card "md" end mouseUp J7 MEon mouseUp go to card "me" end mouseUp JA` MIon mouseUp go to card "mi" end mouseUp Jk MNon mouseUp go to card "mn" end mouseUp J MOon mouseUp go to card "mo" end mouseUp J݀ MSon mouseUp go to card "ms" end mouseUp J  MTon mouseUp go to card "mt" end mouseUp J4 NCon mouseUp go to card "nc" end mouseUp J@_ NDon mouseUp go to card "nd" end mouseUp Jk NEon mouseUp go to card "ne" end mouseUp J NHon mouseUp go to card "nh" end mouseUp J7 NJon mouseUp go to card "nj" end mouseUp J A` NMon mouseUp go to card "nm" end mouseUp J!k NVon mouseUp go to card "nv" end mouseUp J" NYon mouseUp go to card "ny" end mouseUp J#݀ OHon mouseUp go to card "oh" end mouseUp J$  OKon mouseUp go to card "ok" end mouseUp J%4 ORon mouseUp go to card "or" end mouseUp J&@_ PAon mouseUp go to card "pa" end mouseUp J'k RIon mouseUp go to card "ri" end mouseUp J( SCon mouseUp go to card "sc" end mouseUp J)7 SDon mouseUp go to card "sd" end mouseUp J*A` TNon mouseUp go to card "tn" end mouseUp J+k TXon mouseUp go to card "tx" end mouseUp J, UTon mouseUp go to card "ut" end mouseUp J-݀ VAon mouseUp go to card "va" end mouseUp J.  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Q3w83q0wO|O8H$w;;3SSH$&8|qBxpp2??(pU<(r'p $) d$=`S D  3<$2# #X$I I4+q`*s* @CARD-_@\d9 New Buttonon mouseUp visual effect iris close pop card end mouseUp ZA?YK Write a Letteron mouseUp go to card "select" end mouseUp fd@{K Create/Edit Your Addresson mouseUp go to card "address" end mouseUp d?K Tips for Effective Letterson mouseUp go to card "tips" end mouseUp NUy ?on mouseUp go to card "wphelp" end mouseUp writeon opencard hide menubar end opencardBMAP_VIX `0#|###5CS02 2&4&DWf&8Ǐ|36 χx f!ĀgÇF -K4 -ց!`qOC@-(/#2@&@]@""`' m #(F@3"@@6b- 23S-¥`q`c0b+ ''@* G0FB`E `2 6`#U2Lxxq&8p#gĘ>>$xLxxx|xpx 4xpU@$4 ICK@4- == , $8@44454%3<<6 3@350 T@@0@# @'<<&@6A@@P4 @@ P-,,,@s@ x3%0f1vf0#0#/ Bx $|` $` OCpx23"f O ̀332g >00  @ -  Y-$ 2` > K@5/. M"8>3&7 $0^&fR36p$xp0>A ހ-ip-$4h-!B(P(.`R#a 0`@&#Hx<Hx C @^`B-,y /x####|`0CARDj\on openCard go to card "wyl" end openCard`BMAPV-9/1B`F `00?!%% 4`3R#<8#ďRxďfcHH<RZ\=4:塤IhRpIhZ!@B<@42 @A!b,!2040RA"`2$<2!$xQ 2 4`2 $ <80c@xag <$ ` CARD sjAK Sen. Gridwood RMSenator Ted Stevens U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Stevens:akCARDsrAK Sen. Fairbanks RVSenator Frank H. Murkowski U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Murkowski:CARDsAK 1 Fort Yukon RiRepresentative Don Young U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Young:CARDsnAL Sen. Tuscumbia DQSenator Howell T. Heflin U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Heflin:alCARDFspAL Sen. Tuscaloosa DRSenator Richard C. Shelby U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Shelby:CARDsAL 1 Mobile RqRepresentative Sonny Callahan U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Callahan:CARDRsAL 2 Montgomery RxRepresentative William L. Dickinson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dickinson:CARD2sAL 3 Jacksonville DnRepresentative Glen Browder U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Browder:CARDzsAL 4 Jasper DkRepresentative Tom Bevill U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bevill:CARDsAL 5 Huntsville D DkRepresentative Bud Cramer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Cramer:CARDsAL 6 Birmingham DoRepresentative Ben Erdreich U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Erdreich:CARDsAL 7 Tuscaloosa DnRepresentative Claude Harris U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Harris:CARDNslAR Sen. Charleston DNSenator Dale Bumpers U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Bumpers:arCARDUsjAR Sen. Little Rock DKSenator David Pryor U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Pryor:CARDJsAR 1 Osceola DrRepresentative Bill Alexander U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Alexander:CARDsAR 2 Little Rock DoRepresentative Ray Thornton U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Thornton:CARDŤsAR 3 Harrison RRepresentative John Paul Hammerschmidt U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hammerschmidt:CARDsAR 4 El Dorado DzRepresentative Beryl F. Anthony,Jr. U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Anthony,Jr.:CARD snAZ Sen. Tucson DTSenator Dennis DeConcini U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator DeConcini:azCARDsfAZ Sen. Phoenix RLSenator John McCain U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator McCain:CARDɹs AZ 1 Mesa RoRepresentative John J. Rhodes U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rhodes:CARDʧsAZ 2 Tucson DoRepresentative Morris K. Udall U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Udall:CARDFsAZ 3 Tolleson RiRepresentative Bob Stump U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Stump:CARD̺s~AZ 4 Phoenix ReRepresentative Jon Kyl U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Kyl:CARDͱsAZ 5 Tucson RiRepresentative Jim Kolbe U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Kolbe:CARD?snCA Sen. Los Angeles DPSenator Alan Cranston U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Cranston:caCARDύsd CA Sen. ROSenator John Seymour U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Seymour:CARD-sCA 1 Occidental DpRepresentative Douglas H. Bosco U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bosco:CARDTsCA 2 Rio Oso RmRepresentative Wally Herger U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Herger:CARDwsCA 3 Sacramento DqRepresentative Robert T. Matsui U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Matsui:CARDԔsCA 4 West Sacramento DiRepresentative Vic Fazio U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Fazio:CARDsCA 5 San Francisco DmRepresentative Nancy Pelosi U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Pelosi:CARDֻsCA 6 Greenbrae DmRepresentative Barbara Boxer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Boxer:CARD׿sCA 7 Martinez DnRepresentative George Miller U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Miller:CARDzsCA 8 Oakland DsRepresentative Ronald V. Dellums U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dellums:CARDesCA 9 Oakland DtRepresentative Fortney (Pete) Stark U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Stark:CARDsCA 10 San Jose DmRepresentative Don Edwards U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Edwards:CARDAsCA 11 San Mateo DkRepresentative Tom Lantos U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lantos:CARDAsCA 12 Stanford RoRepresentative Tom Campbell U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Campbell:CARDrAsCA 13 San Jose DqRepresentative Norman Y. Mineta U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Mineta:CARDAsCA 14 Rockland RuRepresentative John T. Doolittle U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Doolittle:CARDAsCA 15 Merced DlRepresentative Gary Condit U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Condit:CARDAsCA 16 Carmel Valley DqRepresentative Leon E. Panetta U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Panetta:CARDAsCA 17 Hanford DnRepresentative Calvin Dooley U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dooley:CARDAsCA 18 Fresno DrRepresentative Richard H. Lehman U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lehman:CARDAsCA 19 Ventura R{Representative Robert J. Lagomarsino U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lagomarsino:CARDAsCA 20 Bakersfield RrRepresentative William M. Thomas U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Thomas:CARD AsCA 21 Simi Valley RqRepresentative Elton Gallegly U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gallegly:CARDAsCA 22 Glendale RuRepresentative Carlos J. Moorhead U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Moorhead:CARDAsCA 23 Los Angeles DxRepresentative Anthony C. Beilenson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Beilenson:CARDAsCA 24 Los Angeles DpRepresentative Henry A. Waxman U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Waxman:CARDAsCA 25 Pasadena DqRepresentative Edward R. Roybal U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Roybal:CARDiAsCA 26 Panorama City DqRepresentative Howard L. Berman U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Berman:CARDAsCA 27 Los Angeles DkRepresentative Mel Levine U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Levine:CARD`AsCA 28 Culver City DoRepresentative Julian C. Dixon U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dixon:CARDAsCA 29 Los Angeles DnRepresentative Maxine Waters U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Waters:CARDAsCA 30 Montebello DvRepresentative Matthew G. Martinez U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Martinez:CARD^AsCA 31 Compton DsRepresentative Mervyn M. Dymally U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dymally:CARD;AsCA 32 San Pedro DtRepresentative Glenn M. Anderson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Anderson:CARDvAsCA 33 La Verne RmRepresentative David Dreier U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dreier:CARD9AsCA 34 La Puente DvRepresentative Esteban Edward Torres U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Torres:CARDrAsCA 35 Relands RkRepresentative Jerry Lewis U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lewis:CARDuAsCA 36 Riverside DwRepresentative George E. Brown,Jr. U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Brown,Jr.:CARDAsCA 37 La Quinta RyRepresentative Alfred A. McCandless U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative McCandless:CARDKAsCA 38 Garden Grove RqRepresentative Robert K. Dornan U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dornan:CARDAsCA 39 Fullerton RzRepresentative William E. Dannemeyer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dannemeyer:CARDAsCA 40 Newport Beach RpRepresentative C. Christopher Cox U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Cox:CARD=AsCA 41 San Diego RlRepresentative Bill Lowery U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lowery:CARD1AsCA 42 Lomita RvRepresentative Dana Rohrabacher U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rohrabacher:CARDAsCA 43 Carlsbad RmRepresentative Ron Packard U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Packard:CARDAsCA 44 Chula Vista R|Representative Randy "Duke" Cunningham U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Cunningham:CARD AsCA 45 Coronado RnRepresentative Duncan Hunter U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hunter:CARDAsdCO Sen. Greeley RJSenator Hank Brown U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Brown:coCARD!AsjCO Sen. Boulder DPSenator Timothy E. Wirth U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Wirth:CARD*AsCO 1 Denver DvRepresentative Patricia Schroeder U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Schroeder:CARD[AsCO 2 Boulder DpRepresentative David E. Skaggs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Skaggs:CARDAsCO 3 Ignacio DzRepresentative Ben Nighthorse Campbell U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Campbell:CARDAsCO 4 Loveland RmRepresentative Wayne Allard U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Allard:CARD\AsCO 5 Colorado Springs RlRepresentative Joel Hefley U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hefley:CARD5AsCO 6 Lakewood RoRepresentative Dan Schaefer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Schaefer:CARD\AspCT Sen. East Haddam DRSenator Christopher J. Dodd U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Dodd:ctCARDKAstCT Sen. New Haven DWSenator Joseph I. Lieberman U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Lieberman:CARD FAsCT 1 Hartford DvRepresentative Barbara B. Kennelly U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Kennelly:CARD ]AsCT 2 Bozrah DqRepresentative Sam Gejdenson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gejdenson:CARD KAsCT 3 New Haven DnRepresentative Rosa DeLauro U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative DeLauro:CARD AsCT 4 Stamford RqRepresentative Christopher Shays U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Shays:CARD CAsCT 5 Waterbury RlRepresentative Gary Franks U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Franks:CARDAsCT 6 New Britain RrRepresentative Nancy L. Johnson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Johnson:CARDAstDE Sen. Wilmington RVSenator William V. Roth,Jr. U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Roth,Jr.:deCARDAsnDE Sen. Wilmington DOSenator Joseph R. Biden U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Biden:CARDAsDE 1 Wilmington DqRepresentative Thomas R. Carper U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Carper:CARDAsjFL Sen. Miami Lakes DKSenator Bob Graham U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Graham:flCARDZAshFL Sen. Cape Coral RJSenator Connie Mack U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Mack:CARDDsFL 1 Panama City DjRepresentative Earl Hutto U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hutto:CARD`sFL 2 Mariana DpRepresentative Pete Peterson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Peterson:CARD#sFL 3 Jacksonville DtRepresentative Charles E. Bennett U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bennett:CARD]sFL 4 Deland RnRepresentative Craig T. James U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative James:CARDsFL 5 Longwood RpRepresentative Bill McCollum U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative McCollum:CARD7s FL 6 Ocala RuRepresentative Clifford B. Stearns U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Stearns:CARDs FL 7 Tampa DmRepresentative Sam Gibbons U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gibbons:CARDsFL 8 St. Petersburg RoRepresentative C.W. Bill Young U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Young:CARDsFL 9 Palm Harbor RuRepresentative Michael Bilirakis U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bilirakis:CARD%sFL 10 Winter Haven RnRepresentative Andy Ireland U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Ireland:CARDsFL 11 Belle Isle DmRepresentative Jim Bacchus U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bacchus:CARD sFL 12 North Palm Beach RiRepresentative Tom Lewis U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lewis:CARD!sFL 13 Sanibel RmRepresentative Porter J. Goss U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Goss:CARD"sFL 14 West Palm Beach DtRepresentative Harry A. Johnston U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Johnston:CARD#nsFL 15 Fort Lauderdale RuRepresentative E. Clay Shaw, Jr. U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Shaw, Jr.:CARD$sFL 16 Hollywood DqRepresentative Lawrence J. Smith U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Smith:CARD%sFL 17 Biscayne Park DoRepresentative William Lehman U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lehman:CARD&sFL 18 Miami RzRepresentative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Ros-Lehtinen:CARD' sFL 19 Miami DrRepresentative Dante B. Fascell U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Fascell:CARD(Ks`GA Sen. Perry DGSenator Sam Nunn U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Nunn:gaCARD)spGA Sen. Atlanta DUSenator Wyche Fowler,Jr. U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Fowler,Jr.:CARD*asGA 1 Statesboro DvRepresentative Robert Lindsay Thomas U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Thomas:CARD+sGA 2 Albany DqRepresentative Charles Hatcher U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hatcher:CARD,s GA 3 Perry DiRepresentative Richard Ray U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Ray:CARD-.sGA 4 Covington DiRepresentative Ben Jones U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Jones:CARD.sGA 5 Atlanta DjRepresentative John Lewis U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lewis:CARD/sGA 6 Jonesboro RpRepresentative Newt Gingrich U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gingrich:CARD0xsGA 7 Marietta DvRepresentative George (Buddy) Darden U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Darden:CARD1jsGA 8 Dublin DpRepresentative J. Roy Rowland U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rowland:CARD2sGA 9 Jasper DlRepresentative Ed Jenkins U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Jenkins:CARD3sGA 10 Augusta DnRepresentative Doug Barnard U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Barnard:CARD4?snHI Sen. Houolulu DQSenator Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Inouye:hiCARD5spHI Sen. Kailua DVSenator Spark M. Matsunaga U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Matsunaga:CARD7?sHI 1 Honolulu DvRepresentative Neil Abercrombie U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Abercrombie:CARD8sHI 2 Honolulu DoRepresentative Daniel K. Akaka U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Akaka:CARD9msvIA Sen. New Hartford RVSenator Charles E. Grassley U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Grassley:iaCARD:|sfIA Sen. Cumming DKSenator Tom Harkin U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Harkin:CARD;jsIA 1 Davenport RiRepresentative Jim Leach U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Leach:CARD<sIA 2 Manchester RkRepresentative Jim Nussle U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Nussle:CARD= sIA 3 Cedar Falls DnRepresentative David R. Nagle U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Nagle:CARD>rsIA 4 Altoona DjRepresentative Neal Smith U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Smith:CARD?sIA 5 Shenandoah RqRepresentative Jim Lightfoot U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lightfoot:CARD@sIA 6 Sioux City RlRepresentative Fred Grandy U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Grandy:CARDAshID Sen. Midvale RNSenator Larry E. Craig U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Craig:idCARDBshID Sen. Caldwell RKSenator Steve Symms U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Symms:CARDCs ID 1 Boise DoRepresentative Larry LaRocco U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative LaRocco:CARDDsID 2 Rexburg DxRepresentative Richard H. Stallings U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Stallings:CARDEslIL Sen. Belleville DMSenator Alan J. Dixon U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Dixon:ilCARDFsdIL Sen. Makanda DJSenator Paul Simon U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Simon:CARDGsIL 1 Chicago DpRepresentative Charles A. Hayes U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hayes:CARDHHsIL 2 Chicago DkRepresentative Gus Savage U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Savage:CARDIsIL 3 South Hlland DkRepresentative Marty Russo U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Russo:CARDJsIL 4 Mokena D{Representative George E. Sangmeister U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Sangmeister:CARDKsIL 5 Chicago DvRepresentative William O. Lipinski U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lipinski:CARDLsIL 6 Bensenville RlRepresentative Henry J. Hyde U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hyde:CARDMsIL 7 Chicago DqRepresentative Cardiss Collins U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Collins:CARDN~ sIL 8 Chicago DwRepresentative Dan Rostenkowski U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rostenkowski:CARDOE sIL 9 Chicago DoRepresentative Sidney R. Yates U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Yates:CARDP sIL 10 Wilmette RsRepresentative John Edward Porter U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Porter:CARDQ sIL 11 Chicago DqRepresentative Frank Annunzio U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Annunzio:CARDR sIL 12 Mount Prospect RoRepresentative Philip M. Crane U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Crane:CARDS sIL 13 Naperville RqRepresentative Harris W. Fawell U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Fawell:CARDT sIL 14 Yorkville RsRepresentative J. Dennis Hastert U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hastert:CARDU sIL 15 Lincoln RpRepresentative Edward Madigan U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Madigan:CARDV sIL 16 Galena DnRepresentative John W. Cox, Jr. U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Cox:CARDXc sIL 17 Rock Island DjRepresentative Lane Evans U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Evans:CARDY sIL 18 Peoria RqRepresentative Robert H. Michel U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Michel:CARDZi sIL 19 Olney DnRepresentative Terry L. Bruce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bruce:CARD[q sIL 20 Springfield DqRepresentative Richard J Durbin U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Durbin:CARD\n sIL 21 Belleville DtRepresentative Jerry F. Costello U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Costello:CARD] sIL 22 Carterville DoRepresentative Glenn Poshard U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Poshard:CARD^ spIN Sen. Indianapolis RPSenator Richard G. Lugar U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Lugar:inCARD_b shIN Sen. Fort Wayne RISenator Dan Coats U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Coats:CARD` sIN 1 Merrillville DuRepresentative Peter J Visclosky U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Visclosky:CARDa sIN 2 Muncie DoRepresentative Philip R. Sharp U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Sharp:CARDbw sIN 3 South Bend DjRepresentative Tim Roemer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Romer:CARDc sIN 4 Larwill DhRepresentative Jill Long U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Long:CARDd sIN 5 Monticello DiRepresentative Jim Jontz U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Jontz:CARDe sIN 6 Indianapolis RkRepresentative Dan Burton U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Burton:CARDf sIN 7 Covington RmRepresentative John T. Myers U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Myers:CARDg- sIN 8 Bloomington DsRepresentative Frank McCloskey U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative McCloskey:CARDh( sIN 9 Nashville DrRepresentative Lee H. Hamilton U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hamilton:CARDiJ sIN 10 Indianapolis DnRepresentative Andrew Jacobs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Jacobs:CARDj sdKS Sen. Russell RJSenator Robert Dole U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Dole:ksCARDk stKS Sen. Burdick RZSenator Nancy Landon Kassebaum U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Kassebaum:CARDl sKS 1 Dodge City RmRepresentative Pat Roberts U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Roberts:CARDm sKS 2 Topeka DoRepresentative Jim Slattery U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Slattery:CARDn sKS 3 Overland Park RkRepresentative Jan Meyers U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Meyers:CARDo sKS 4 Wichita DoRepresentative Dan Glickman U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Glickman:CARDp} sKS 5 McPherson RnRepresentative Dick Nichols U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Nichols:CARDq sjKY Sen. Owensboro DNSenator Wendell H. Ford U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Ford:kyCARDrZ srKY Sen. Louisville RSSenator Mitch McConnell U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator McConnell:CARDs sKY 1 Mayfield DqRepresentative Carroll Hubbard U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hubbard:CARDt sKY 2 Bowling Green DtRepresentative William H. Natcher U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Natcher:CARDu[ sKY 3 Louisville DsRepresentative Romano L. Mazzoli U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Mazzoli:CARDv sKY 4 Southgate RmRepresentative Jim Bunning U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bunning:CARDw+ sKY 5 Somerset RnRepresentative Harold Rogers U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rogers:CARDy sKY 6 Lexington RrRepresentative Larry J. Hopkins U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hopkins:CARDz sKY 7 Leburn DqRepresentative Carl C. Perkins U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Perkins:CARD{I stLA Sen. Shreveport DVSenator J. Bennett Johnston U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Johnston:laCARD| sfLA Sen. Crowley DLSenator John Breaux U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Breaux:CARD}= sLA 1 Metairie RsRepresentative Bob Livingston U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Livingston:CARD~ sLA 2 New Orleans DxRepresentative William J. Jefferson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Jefferson:CARD sLA 3 Thibodaux DtRepresentative W.J. (Billy) Tauzin U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Tauzin:CARDK sLA 4 Shreveport RmRepresentative Jim McCrery U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative McCrery:CARD sLA 5 Ringgold DoRepresentative Jerry Huckaby U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Huckaby:CARD sLA 6 Baton Rouge RpRepresentative Richard H. Baker U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Baker:CARD{ sLA 7 Lafayette DnRepresentative James A. Hayes U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hayes:CARD sLA 8 Forest Hill RtRepresentative Clyde C. Holloway U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Holloway:CARD6 snMA Sen. Boston DSSenator Edward M. Kennedy U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Kennedy:maCARD shMA Sen. Boston DMSenator John F. Kerry U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Kerry:CARD sMA 1 Pittsfield RoRepresentative Silvio O. Conte U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Conte:CARD- sMA 2 Springfield DnRepresentative Richard E. Neal U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Neal:CARD  sMA 3 Worcester DoRepresentative Joseph D. Early U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Early:CARD, sMA 4 Newton DlRepresentative Barney Frank U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Frank:CARDV sMA 5 Concord DrRepresentative Chester G. Atkins U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Atkins:CARDD sMA 6 Peabody DvRepresentative Nicholas Mavroules U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Mavroules:CARD sMA 7 Malden DqRepresentative Edward J. Markey U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Markey:CARD sMA 8 Brighton DsRepresentative Joseph P. Kennedy U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Kennedy:CARD sMA 9 South Boston DmRepresentative Joe Moakley U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Moakley:CARD1 sMA 10 Cohasset DpRepresentative Gerry E. Studds U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Studds:CARD sMA 11 Dorchester DtRepresentative Brian J. Donnelly U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Donnelly:CARD spMD Sen. Baltimore DSSenator Paul S. Sarbanes U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Sarbanes:mdCARD srMD Sen. Baltimore DVSenator Barbara A. Mikulski U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Mikulski:CARD^ sMD 1 Kennedyville RvRepresentative Wayne T. Gilchrest U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gilchrest:CARD6 sMD 2 Lutherville RvRepresentative Helen Delich Bentley U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bentley:CARD sMD 3 Baltimore DsRepresentative Benjamin L. Cardin U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Cardin:CARDZ sMD 4 Crofton DuRepresentative C. Thomas McMillen U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative McMillen:CARDi sMD 5 Forestville DnRepresentative Steny H. Hoyer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hoyer:CARD sMD 6 Frederick DpRepresentative Beverly B. Byron U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Byron:CARD sMD 7 Baltimore DlRepresentative Kweisi Mfume U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Mfume:CARD sMD 8 Bethesda RvRepresentative Constance A. Morella U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Morella:CARDR sjME Sen. Bangor RPSenator William S. Cohen U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Cohen:meCARD srME Sen. Portland DUSenator George J. Mitchell U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Mitchell:CARD sME 1 Portland DsRepresentative Thomas H. Andrews U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Andrews:CARD  sME 2 Auburn RpRepresentative Olympia J. Snowe U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Snowe:CARD sjMI Sen. Flint DQSenator Donald W. Riegle U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Riegle:miCARD6 shMI Sen. Detroit DMSenator Carl M. Levin U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Levin:CARD sMI 1 Detroit DnRepresentative John Conyers U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Conyers:CARD  sMI 2 Plymouth RqRepresentative Carl D. Pursell U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Pursell:CARD| sMI 3 Lansing DlRepresentative Howard Wolpe U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Wolpe:CARD sMI 4 St. Joseph RrRepresentative Frederick S. Upton U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Upton:CARD4 sMI 5 Grand Rapids RmRepresentative Paul B. Henry U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Henry:CARD[ sMI 6 East Lansing DgRepresentative Bob Carr U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Carr:CARD s MI 7 Flint DoRepresentative Dale E. Kildee U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Kildee:CARD sMI 8 Bay City DmRepresentative Bob Traxler U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Traxler:CARD sMI 9 Luther RuRepresentative Guy Vander-Jagt U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Vander-Jagt:CARD sMI 10 Midland RiRepresentative David Camp U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Camp:CARDH sMI 11 Gaylord RoRepresentative Robert W. Davis U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Davis:CARDI sMI 12 Mount Clemens DpRepresentative David E. Bonior U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bonior:CARD sMI 13 Detroit DvRepresentative Barbara-Rose Collins U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Collins:CARD> sMI 14 Harper Woods DqRepresentative Dennis M. Hertel U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hertel:CARD sMI 15 Taylor DnRepresentative William D. Ford U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Ford:CARD sMI 16 Trenton DqRepresentative John D. Dingell U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dingell:CARDq sMI 17 Southfield DoRepresentative Sander M. Levin U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Levin:CARD sMI 18 Birmingham RzRepresentative William S. Broomfield U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Broomfield:CARD  stMN Sen. Minneapolis RVSenator Dave Durenberger U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Durenberger:mnCARDt spMN Sen. Northfield DRSenator Paul Wellstone U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Wellstone:CARD sMN 1 New Richland DpRepresentative Timothy J. Penny U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Penny:CARD| sMN 2 North Mankato RiRepresentative Vin Weber U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Weber:CARD sMN 3 Minnetonka RmRepresentative Jim Ramstad U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Ramstad:CARD  sMN 4 St. Paul DnRepresentative Bruce F. Vento U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Vento:CARD sMN 5 Minneapolis DoRepresentative Martin Olav Sabo U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Sabo:CARDQ sMN 6 Stillwater DqRepresentative Gerry Sikorski U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Sikorski:CARD+ sMN 7 Detroit Lakes DuRepresentative Collin C. Peterson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Peterson:CARD[ sMN 8 Chisholm DtRepresentative James L. Oberstar U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Oberstar:CARDJ snMO Sen. Newburg RSSenator John C. Danforth U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Danforth:moCARDG slMO Sen. Mexico RRSenator Christopher S. Bond U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Bond:CARD  sMO 1 St. Louis DrRepresentative William (Bill) Clay U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Clay:CARDÒ sMO 2 St. Louis DnRepresentative Joan Kelly Horn U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Horn:CARDd sMO 3 St. Louis DvRepresentative Richard A. Gephardt U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gephardt:CARD sMO 4 Lexington DmRepresentative Ike Skelton U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Skelton:CARDƙ sMO 5 Kansas City DjRepresentative Alan Wheat U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Wheat:CARD; sMO 6 Gladstone RsRepresentative E. Thomas Coleman U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Coleman:CARDn sMO 7 Springfield RyRepresentative Melton D. (Mel) Hancock U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hancock:CARDk sMO 8 Cape Girardeau RnRepresentative Bill Emerson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Emerson:CARDʯ sMO 9 Hannibal DsRepresentative Harold L. Volkmer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Volkmer:CARD shMS Sen. Jackson RNSenator Thad Cochran U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Cochran:msCARD́ shMS Sen. Pascagoula RISenator Trent Lott U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Lott:CARD sMS 1 Charleston DrRepresentative Jamie L. Whitten U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Whitten:CARD sMS 2 Yazoo City DhRepresentative Mike Espy U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Espy:CARDk sMS 3 Meridian D|Representative G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Montgomery:CARDЖ sMS 4 Brookhaven DlRepresentative Mike Parker U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Parker:CARDѣ sMS 5 Long Beach DlRepresentative Gene Taylor U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Taylor:CARD shMT Sen. Missoula DKSenator Max Baucus U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Baucus:mtCARDx shMT Sen. Billings RLSenator Conrad Burns U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Burns:CARDL sMT 1 Helena DoRepresentative Pat Williams U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Williams:CARDձ sMT 2 Scobey RoRepresentative Ron Marlenee U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Marlenee:CARD sfNC Sen. Raleigh RKSenator Jesse Helms U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Helms:ncCARD\ sjNC Sen. Durham DOSenator Terry Sanford U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Sanford:CARDn sNC 1 Farmville DoRepresentative Walter B. Jones U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Jones:CARD~ sNC 2 Nashville DqRepresentative Tim Valentine U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Valentine:CARDڅ sNC 3 Goldsboro DwRepresentative H. Martin Lancaster U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Lancaster:CARD2 sNC 4 Chapel Hill DnRepresentative David E. Price U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Price:CARD% sNC 5 Winston-Salem DnRepresentative Stephen L. Neal U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Neal:CARDc sNC 6 Greensboro RlRepresentative Howard Coble U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Coble:CARDߠ sNC 7 Fayetteville DkRepresentative Charles Rose U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rose:CARD1 sNC 8 Concord DsRepresentative W.G. (Bill) Hefner U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hefner:CARD sNC 9 Charlotte RsRepresentative J. Alex McMillan U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative McMillan:CARD, sNC 10 Hickory RrRepresentative Cass Ballenger U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Ballenger:CARD sNC 11 Brevard RrRepresentative Charles H. Taylor U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Taylor:CARD slND Sen. Fargo DTSenator Quentin N. Burdick U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Burdick:ndCARDr shND Sen. Bismarck DLSenator Kent Conrad U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Conrad:CARD sND 1 Bismarck DpRepresentative Byron L. Dorgan U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dorgan:CARD sfNE Sen. Lincoln DLSenator J. James Exon U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Exon:neCARD sjNE Sen. Omaha DQSenator J. Robert Kerrey U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Kerrey:CARD< s NE 1 Utica RpRepresentative Doug Bereuter U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Bereuter:CARDY s NE 2 Omaha DqRepresentative Peter Hoagland U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hoagland:CARD sNE 3 Lexington RnRepresentative Bill Barrett U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Barrett:CARD snNH Sen. Tuftonboro ROSenator Robert C. Smith U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Smith:nhCARD slNH Sen. Hollis RQSenator Warren B. Rudman U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Rudman:CARD sNH 1 Jackson RlRepresentative Bill Zeliff U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Zeliff:CARD s~ NH 2 Bow DjRepresentative Dick Swett U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Swett:CARD* sjNJ Sen. Denville DNSenator Bill Bradley U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Bradley:njCARD stNJ Sen. Secaucus DXSenator Frank R. Lautenberg U.S. Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Lautenberg:CARD sNJ 1 Bellmawr DsRepresentative Robert E. Andrews U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Andrews:CARD sNJ 2 Ocean City DrRepresentative William J. Hughes U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hughes:CARD sNJ 3 Long Branch DoRepresentative Frank Pallone U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Pallone:CARD sNJ 4 Hamilton RtRepresentative Christopher H. Smith U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Smith:CARD  sNJ 5 Ridgewood RoRepresentative Marge Roukema U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Roukema:CARD+ sNJ 6 Edison DpRepresentative Bernard J. Dwyer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Dwyer:CARD0 s NJ 7 Union RtRepresentative Matthew J. Rinaldo U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Rinaldo:CARD s NJ 8 Wayne DkRepresentative Robert A. Roe U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Roe:CARDH sNJ 9 Englewood DyRepresentative Robert G. Torricelli U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Torricelli:CARD sNJ 10 Newark DoRepresentative Donald M. Payne U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Payne:CARD sNJ 11 Parsippany RmRepresentative Dean A. Gallo U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Gallo:CARD$ sNJ 12 Flemington RlRepresentative Dick Zimmer U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Zimmer:CARD s